Chemical Engineering Department FT-UI

Lecturer : Dr. Ir. Sukirno M.Eng

• when the fluid is in rest,
no shear stress develops
• and only normal stress
exists that is fluid static
pressure or hydrostatic
pressure
 RECALL
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE EQUATION

P gh
This equation can be derived from Newton Law 1
about forces of an object at rest
 DERIVATION OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

F 0
Upper Pressure
Pb
F = Upper Force + Bottom Force + Gavity Force = 0

Pa xy  Pb xy  gxyz 0

Densitas=

z
Zb
Pa  Pb
 g
Za
z
dP
Bottom Pressure
Pa  g
dz
P  gz
Pressure = Force per unit area.

N
p= F
Nm-2 A
(Pa) m2
 Types of pressure
Common types include absolute pressure,
gauge pressure, and differential
pressure.

Absolute pressure measures pressure relative

to a perfect vacuum, while gauge pressure
measures relative to atmospheric pressure.

Differential pressure is the difference

between two pressures, useful in flow
measurement and level detection. Each type
serves specific industrial and scientific
purposes.
Types of Pressure
Absolute pressure
It is defined as a pressure that is measured with reference to the absolute
zero or complete vacuum pressure. The absolute pressure formula is
given by

Pabsolute=Patmospheric+Pgauge

Gauge pressure
It is defined as a pressure that is measured with the help of pressure-
measuring instruments in which the atmospheric pressure is that the
atmospheric pressure on the datum. The atmospheric pressure on the
scale is marked as 0.
Vacuum pressure
It is defined as the pressure below the atmospheric pressure, the
relationship between the absolute pressure, gauge pressure

Differential pressure
Differential pressure refers to the difference in pressure between two
points in a fluid system, indicating the pressure drop or variation across
that system.
Units of Pressure

Pascal (Pa): (N/m²). .

Atmosphere (atm): pressure at sea level, which is

approximately 101,325 pascals.

Bar (bar): 100,000 pascals.

Pound per Square Inch (psi): 6,894.76 pascals.

Torr: often used in vacuum measurements. is equal to

1/760th of an atmosphere or approximately 133.322 pascals.

Millimeter of Mercury (mmHg): 133.322 pascals.

Units of Pressure
Pressure can be measured and expressed in various units, depending on the system of measurement
being used. Here are some commonly used units for pressure:

Pascal (Pa): The Pascal is the S.I. unit of pressure. It is defined as one Newton per square meter
(N/m²). It is named after the French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal.

Atmosphere (atm): The atmosphere is a unit of pressure commonly used in meteorology and everyday
contexts. One atmosphere is approximately equal to the average atmospheric pressure at sea level,
which is approximately 101,325 pascals.

Bar (bar): The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100,000 pascals. It is commonly used in industrial and
technical applications.

Pound per Square Inch (psi): The pound per square inch is a unit of pressure commonly used in
engineering and industry. It represents the pressure exerted by a pound-force on a square-inch area.
One psi is approximately equal to 6,894.76 pascals.

Torr: The Torr is a unit of pressure often used in vacuum measurements. It is named after the Italian
physicist Evangelista Torricelli, who invented the mercury barometer. One Torr is equal to 1/760th of an
atmosphere or approximately 133.322 pascals.

Millimeter of Mercury (mmHg): The millimetre of mercury is a unit of pressure commonly used in
medical and scientific applications, particularly in measuring blood pressure. It represents the height of
a mercury column in a barometer. One mmHg is approximately equal to 133.322 pascals.
 Units for Pressure
Unit Definition or
Relationship
1 pascal (Pa) 1 kg m-1 s-2
1 bar 1 x 105 Pa
1 atmosphere (atm) 101,325 Pa
1 torr 1 / 760 atm
760 mm Hg 1 atm
14.696 pounds per 1 atm
sq. in. (psi)
COMMON HYDRO STATIC APPLICATION

PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
EQUIPMENTS
 How to measure ?

Differensial pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Gauge pressure
Absolute pressure
 MANOMETER

Manometers are devices to determine the

pressure difference between two points,
by using one or more columns of liquid

 U-tube manometer
U-tube Manometer
 PRESSURE MEASURING EQUIPMENT
U-tube Manometer

a b
 Measurement of Pressure Difference
By U-tube Manometer

a b
Basic equation of static fluids :

P2=P3=Px+gx.

P2 Pa   b g ( Z m  Rm )
P3 Pb   b g ( Z m )   a gRm

X
Pa  Pb  gRm (  a   b )
U-tube Manometer
using more than 1 fluid

Basic equation
PA=PB
Try to Understand these TERMINOLOGY

Differensial pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Gauge pressure
Absolute pressure
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

P atmosfir=14,7 lbf/inch (psi)

patmosfir= 1.013X105 Nm-2 (Pascal)

MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

Barometer
MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

. patm gh  p vapor

– For mercury barometers

atmospheric pressure
(101.33kPa) corresponds to
h=760 mmHg (= 29.2 in)

– If water is used h = 10.33

m H2O (= 34 ft)
Home work 1

For mercury barometers, at atmospheric

pressure the height of mercury is h=760
mmHg (= 29.2 in). If water (15 Celcius is
used, the h = 10.33 m (34 ft)

Calculate the height if the water

temperature is 90, where the vapor
pressure of space above the water is not
vaccum, but equal to it vapor pressure.
Vapor pressure of water (0–100 °C)[1]
T, °C T, °F P, kPa P, torr P, atm
0 32 0.6113 4.5851 0.0060
5 41 0.8726 6.5450 0.0086
10 50 1.2281 9.2115 0.0121
15 59 1.7056 12.7931 0.0168
20 68 2.3388 17.5424 0.0231
25 77 3.1690 23.7695 0.0313
30 86 4.2455 31.8439 0.0419
35 95 5.6267 42.2037 0.0555
40 104 7.3814 55.3651 0.0728
45 113 9.5898 71.9294 0.0946
50 122 12.3440 92.5876 0.1218
55 131 15.7520 118.1497 0.1555
60 140 19.9320 149.5023 0.1967
65 149 25.0220 187.6804 0.2469
70 158 31.1760 233.8392 0.3077
75 167 38.5630 289.2463 0.3806
80 176 47.3730 355.3267 0.4675
85 185 57.8150 433.6482 0.5706
90 194 70.1170 525.9208 0.6920
95 203 84.5290 634.0196 0.8342
100 212 101.3200 759.9625 1.0000
Try to Understand these TERMINOLOGY

Differensial pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Gauge pressure
Absolute pressure
 GAUGE PRESSURE

Pressure expressed as
the difference between the pressure of the fluid
and that of the atmosphere (P=14,7 psi)
 GAUGE PRESSURE
MEASURING PRESSURE OF A POINT IN COMPARISON TO ATMOSPHERE
 Exercise 2

Calculate absolut pressure (atm) at point A

SG of fluid 1= 0,8 of water gr/cm3 and SG of fluid 2 = 1
Density of water 1 gr/cm3
Home work 2

Using a u-tube manometer to

measure gauge pressure of
fluid density 700 kg/m3, and
the manometric fluid is
mercury, with a relative
density of 13.6.

What is the gauge pressure if:

a). h1 = 0.4m and h2 = 0.9m?
b) h1 stayed the same but h2
= -0.1m?
INCLINED MANOMETER
BOURDON GAUGE
 INCLINED MANOMETER
• To measure small pressure differences need to magnify Rm
some way.

Pa  Pb  gR1 (  a   b ) sin 
Try to Understand these TERMINOLOGY

Differensial pressure
Atmospheric Pressure
Gauge pressure
Absolute pressure
 PRESSURE TERMINOLGY

Differential pressure is
P (difference in pressure) between two points.

Atmospheric Pressure is
P between atmospheric pressure and perfect vaccum.

Gauge pressure is
P between a point pressure and atmospheric pressure.

Absolute pressure is
P between a point pressure and perfect vacuum.

Pabs Pgauge  Patm

 Pabs Pgauge  Patm

Atmospheric pressure is
typically 30 inHg at sea level.

a vacuum of 26 inHg gauge

is equivalent to
an absolute pressure of (− 26+30) inHg = 4 inHg.
Pressure Measurement
Methods

•Manometers
•Mechanical pressure
gauges
 Pressure Measurement Basic
Principles

Pascal's Law: Pascal's law states that when pressure is applied to a fluid in a
confined space, it is transmitted equally in all directions. This principle forms
the basis for many pressure measurement techniques, as pressure can be
measured at one point and accurately represent the pressure throughout the
system.

Fluid Column Height: Pressure can be measured indirectly by utilizing the

height of a fluid column in a manometer. The pressure is balanced against
the weight of the fluid column, and the height of the column is used to
determine the pressure.
U-Tube Manometer
 Pressure Measurement Basic
Principles

Elasticity: Many pressure measurement methods

rely on the elasticity or deformation of materials
when subjected to pressure. For example, in
Bourdon tube pressure gauges, the pressure
causes the curved tube to straighten, and this
deformation is converted into a mechanical or
electrical signal.
MEASURING GAGE PRESSURE BY
BOURDON GAUGE
Mechanical Pressure Gauges
Piezoelectric Effect:
pressure sensors utilize materials that generate an
electrical charge when subjected to mechanical stress.
The pressure applied to the piezoelectric material
generates a charge that is measured and converted into a
pressure reading.
Strain: Pressure measurement can be based on the principle of
strain, which is the deformation of a material due to applied stress.
Strain gauges can be attached to a diaphragm or other sensing
element, and the change in electrical resistance due to strain is
measured and used to calculate the pressure.

Capacitance: Capacitive pressure sensors utilize the principle of

capacitance, where the change in the distance between two plates
due to pressure variation alters the capacitance. This change in
capacitance is measured and used to determine the pressure.
 COMMON HYDRO STATIC
APPLICATION 1

PRESSURE – DEPTH
RELATIONSHIP
DEPTH-PRESSURE RELATION

The deeper the position , the higher the pressure

 Exercise Problem 4
Patmofer

Find gauge pressure (kPa) at points

A,B,C,D.
Example : Depth pressure calculation
Pressure at the surface of a water of a lake is 105 kPa.
Calculate the pressure at 35.0 m undersurface.

P Patm  dg
P P  Patm dg
  
 1000 kg/m 3 9.8 m/s 2 35 m 
343 kPa 3.4 atm

Water density
 Example
How far below the surface of the ocean on Earth do
you need to be to experience the same pressure as
the surface of Venus (95 atm)?
P Patm  dg
95 atm 1 atm  dg
dg 94 atm 9.5 106 N/m 2
1025 kg/m 9.8 m/s d 9.5 10
3 2 6
N/m 2
d 950 m

Density of sea water

COMMON HYDRO STATIC APPLICATION 2

OIL WELL PRESSURE OR

RESEVOIR DEPTH
CALCULATION/PREDICTION
WELLHEAD PRESSURE AT OIL FIELD
1000psi

What is depth of oil well ?

OIL RESERVOIR PRESSURE
Drilling of Oil Well

Static pressure calculation

related to oil well drilling
operation are:

•Calculation of Wellhead
pressure reservoir pressure

•Calculation of density of
drilling mud
HAVE YOU EVER SEEN THIS

Oil blow out in an oil well

 Exercise/Example

Predict the depth of a hydrostatic type oil reservoir located near the
sea. the well is 50 meter above the sea level. The wellhead pressure
is 120 kN/m2. The oil specific gravity 0.85; density of sea  water = 1000
kg/m3; and Patm= 101kN/m2
Predict the depth of a hydrostatic type oil
reservoir located near the sea.

120 kN/m2
Patm= 101kN/m2

 water = 1000
?
SG=0.8 kg/m3
5
 120 kN/m2 Patm= 101kN/m2
W

 water = 1000
y=?
SG=0.8 kg/m3
5 P=gh
B

Pw+oilgX = PA+ waterg(X-50)

 Homework 3

THE DEPTH OF OIL RESERVOIR

Calculate the depth of a hydrostatic type oil reservoir if

wellhead is located 100 meter above the sea level,
the wellhead pressure is 120 kN/m2,
oil specific gravity 0.8; density  water = 1000 kg/m3;
and Patm= 101kN/m2
 Problem Example

B
A
SG=0,7 
1ft
10ft

•If pressure at A (surface) 2 psi higher than pressure at

B calculate angle 
 lb f
PA PB  2
in 2
g
Po PA  hOA
gc
g
Po PB  hOB
gc

g g
Po PA  hOA PB  hOB
gc gc
lb f g g
2  hOA  hOB
in 2 gc gc
lb f g lbm lb f ft 2
2 2
( hOB  hOA )  {(10 sin  )  1}(0.7)(62.3) 2
in gc ft lbm 144in 2
2(144)
(10 sin  )  1 
(0.7)(62.3)
sin  ) 0.76
 Pb Pa   gH P2 P1   Hg gH
Problem 2.47 page.72
Pb P2   gas g ( H  x)
Pa P1   gas g ( x  h)

Pb  Pa P2  P1   g ( H  h)

P1  gH  Hg gh   gas g ( H  h)
h P2
 H  Hg h   gas ( H  h)
h Hh
x   Hg  ( )  gas
H H
Pa Pb 7.5 100  7.5
  13600  ( )1.2 1020  1.11
100 100
H

1.11
Error  100% 0.108%
1020  1.11
 COMMON HYDRO STATIC
APPLICATION 3

VESSEL WALL THICKNESS DESIGN

The Design of wall thickness of a Tanks
The Design of wall thickness of Dam
FORCE ON VERTICAL PLANE SURFACES

h P One side is exposed to

F H the atmosphere and
Here the pressure the other side to the
varies linearly with water.
depth: P=gh

Vertical rectangular wall (wall width = W)

FORCE ON VERTICAL PLANE SURFACES

h P

F H

F gb h dh

Vertical rectangular wall (wall width = W)

The Design of wall thickness of a Tanks

The loads to which a process vessel will be

subject

Major loads
1.Static head of liquid.
The Design of wall thickness of a Tanks

The loads to which a process vessel will be

subject
Major loads

1.Static head of liquid.

2.Weight of the vessel and contents, under operating
conditions.
3.Pressure Operation of the vessel
4.Wind loads.
5.Earthquake (seismic) loads.
6.Loads supported by, or reacting on, the vessel.
 Home work

Calculate the thicknes of tank to store 10.000m3

If the matarial is steel. Tank Diameter D. The yield
tensile strength of stell 53700 psi.
 COMMON HYDRO STATIC
APPLICATION 4

OIL-WATER SEPARATOR
BASE ON DENSITY DIFFERENCE
SEPARATION OF FLUIDS BY GRAVITY FORCE
(OIL- WATER SEPARATOR)
OIL-WATER SEPARATOR OR GRAVITY DECANTER

How it works…
for the separator to work / to get oil-water separated, It need to keep
the oil water interface at desire level.
 GRAVITY DECANTER

Hydrostatic Balance Z A 2  Z T   B 
 A 
Z A1 
Z B  b  Z A1  A Z A 2  A 1 B
A

When ρB≈ρA interface location is very sensitive to height of heavy liquid overflow leg. This leg is often
has adjustable height to give the best separation.
 Homework 5
GRAVITY DECANTER DESIGN

• It is proposed to use a gravity decanter to

separate a light petroleum oil (density 50.0
lbm/ft3) from water (density 62.3 lbm/ft3). Its
desire to maintain a total depth of 30 in. in the
vessel and to have exactly equal depth of oil and
water. What should be the height , expressed in
inch of the water discharge leg above the bottom
of the vessel.
Pressure measuring equipment