Types of OS
Name:
Uzair Afzal
Batch Processing System
A batch processing system runs programs one after another
without user interaction.
How it works:
Users submit their jobs to an operator.
The operator groups similar jobs into batches.
The system runs the batch automatically and returns the output.
Advantages:
Saves time and reduces manual effort.
Jobs start automatically one after another.
Priorities can be set for different jobs.
Disadvantages:
No user interaction during execution.
CPU often stays idle while waiting for slow
input/output devices.
Multiprogramming System
A multiprogramming system keeps multiple programs in
memory so the CPU always has something to execute.
How it works:
Several jobs are loaded in memory.
If one job is waiting (e.g., for input/output), the CPU starts
another job.
This keeps the CPU busy all the time.
Advantages:
Better CPU usage.
Saves time by switching between jobs.
Good for systems with multiple users.
Disadvantages:
OS becomes more complex (needs job
scheduling).
Needs more memory.
Programs must be kept separate to avoid
interference.
Multitasking System
Multitasking allows one user to run multiple programs at the same time on a
computer.
How it works:
CPU gives each program a small time slot.
When one program waits, CPU switches to another.
User feels like all programs are running at the same time.
Example:
A user is:
Writing a document in one window
Watching a video in another
Reading an email in the third
Compiling code in the fourth
Multitasking System(continued….)
Types of Multitasking:
Cooperative Multitasking – Program controls the CPU timing.
Preemptive Multitasking – OS controls how long a program runs.
Advantages:
Multiple tasks can be done at once.
Efficient use of time.
User-friendly experience.
Disadvantages:
Too many tasks can slow the system.
Requires good resource management.
Multiprocessing System
A multiprocessing system uses two or more processors to work together in the
same system.
How it works:
Processors share memory and tasks.
Tasks are divided among processors to work faster.
Types:
Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)
All processors are equal.
Each runs the same OS and works together.
Asymmetric Multiprocessing (ASMP)
One processor is master, others are slaves.
Master assigns work.
Advantages:
Faster performance.
System can continue even if one processor fails.
Shared resources reduce cost.
Disadvantages:
Complex design and programming.
Coordination is difficult.
Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
RTOS is an operating system used in systems that require immediate and timely
responses.
Where is it used?
Medical devices
Industrial machines
Military systems
Air traffic control
How it works:
RTOS responds quickly to inputs.
Every task must be completed within a fixed time.
Advantages:
Fast and accurate.
Reliable for critical systems.
Disadvantages:
Expensive.
Needs special hardware and more memory.
Time Sharing Operating System
A time-sharing system allows many users to use the CPU by giving each a small time
slot.
How it works:
CPU switches between users rapidly.
Each user feels like they have full control.
Uses time slices (also called quanta).
Advantages:
Multiple users can use the system at once.
Interactive and fast for each user.
Efficient use of CPU.
Disadvantages:
Complex to manage.
If too many users, performance can slow down.
Handheld Systems
Small portable devices like:
Smartphones
Tablets
PDAs
Why special OS is needed?
Because handheld devices have:
Small memory
Slower processors
Small screen siz
Examples of OS:
Android, iOS, Palm OS
Challenges for developers:
Limited memory – OS must use memory wisely.
Slow processor – Programs must be light.
Small screen – Content must be mobile-friendly.
Advantages:
Portable and easy to use.
Useful for communication and apps.
Disadvantages:
Less powerful than PCs.
Can slow down with too many apps.
Any Questions?
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