Introduction to

Data
Communication
and Networking
Name: Debmalyo Barman(24400123090) , Rounak
Thakur(24400123099) , Debarun Roy(24400123086) , Sourik
Das(24400122040) , Soumik Roy(24400123103)

Subject: Computer Networks(PCC- CS602)

Stream: Computer Science & Technology

Year: 6th Semester

Assignment: CA1
Data Representation and
Flow
Data Encoding Data Flow
Formats Schemes Modes
Data exists in various forms: text, ASCII, Unicode, and UTF-8 are Simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex
numbers, images, audio, and video. common encoding schemes used modes define the direction of data
Each format requires specific for text representation. Each scheme flow between devices. Streaming
encoding schemes to represent it uses unique codes to represent video is full-duplex, while walkie-
digitally. characters. talkies operate in half-duplex mode.
Network Topologies

1 Bus Topology 2 Star Topology

Devices are connected in a single line with a Devices connect to a central hub or switch.
central cable. Simple but prone to collisions and More reliable than bus, but failure of the central
limited scalability. device disrupts the network.

3 Ring Topology 4 Mesh Topology

Devices are connected in a closed loop. High Each device connects to every other device. High
bandwidth, but failure of one device can break reliability, but expensive and complex to implement.
the entire ring.

5 Tree Topology 6 Hybrid Topology

Hierarchical structure where devices connect to a Combines elements of different topologies. Offers
root node. Similar to a star but with multiple levels flexibility but can be complex to manage.
of hubs.
OSI Model
Application 1
Layer
Provides services to
users, like email, file 2 Presentation Layer
transfer, and web
Formats data for presentation and ensures that data
browsing.
is
Session Layer 3 interpreted consistently across different systems.
Manages connections between applications and ensures data
transfer is reliable and orderly.
4 Transport Layer
Provides end-to-end communication between applications and
ensures reliable data delivery.
Network Layer 5
Handles routing of data packets across networks and
determines the best path for data
6 Data Link Layer
transmission.
Manages access to the physical medium, error detection,
and framing of data.
Physical Layer 7
Defines the electrical, mechanical, and procedural
specifications for physical
connections.
Transmission Media
Media Bandwid Data Distance Cost Interfere
th Rate nce

Coaxial High Fast Moderat Moderat Moderat

Cable e e e

Twisted Moderat Moderat Short Low High

Pair e e
Cable
(UTP)

Fiber Very Extremel Long High Low

Optic High y Fast
Cable

Radio Variable Variable Long Moderat High

Waves e

Microwa High Fast Long High Moderat

ves e
Wired
LANs
Ethernet Standards
Ethernet is a widely used LAN technology, with various
standards defining data rates and cable types.

Ethernet Frame Format

Each Ethernet frame includes specific fields for addressing,
type, data, and error detection.

CSMA/CD Access Method

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
is used for managing access to the shared medium.

Network Devices
Hubs, switches, and routers are key devices that connect and
manage devices in a wired LAN.
Connecting LANs and Virtual LANs
(VLANs)

Connecting LANs VLANs

LANs can be connected using routers, switches, and gateways to VLANs logically segment a network into smaller, isolated groups,
create larger, interconnected networks. enhancing security, performance, and manageability.

VLAN implementation methods include port-based, MAC-based, and protocol-based. VLAN trunking protocols like VTP streamline the
management of VLANs across multiple switches.
THANK
YOU