Computer Network:
A computer network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other
to share information and resources.
Characteristics of computer network:
1. Share resource from one computer to another
2. Create files and store them in one computer and access these files from other computers
connected over a network
3. Connect printer, scanner, fax machine to one computer and let other computers use
these resources.
Defining a network:
• Interconnection of two or more devices is called a Network.
• The communication between devices connected in a network is called Networking.
• An Internetwork is a connection of two or more networks
• An Internetworking is communication between different networks.
Different Types of Network:
• LAN (Local Area Network)
Local area network is used to connect networking devices that are in a very close
geographical area such as a floor of a building, a building itself with in a campus.
• CAN (Campus Area Network)
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• WAN (Wide Area Network)
IP Address:
An IP Address(Internet Protocol Address) is a numeric ID assigned to each device
connected in the network that uses Internet Protocol to communicate. i.e. a device in the
network will be able to communicate with other device in the network only by using IP
Address.
Ex: [Link], [Link], [Link]
To know IP Address of your device:
Open CMD type the command “ipconfig”
[Link]
internet Switch/hub
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]
(DHCP)
Dynamic
Host
Configuration
Protocol
IP Address: [Link] (32 bits)
191 168 1 100 [Link] 11000000.10101000.00000001.01100100
W X Y Z
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
W – 1 to 255 /24 network: /16 network: /8 network:
X – 0 to 255 [Link] [Link]
Y – 0 to 255 [Link] [Link] [Link]
Z – 1 to 254 [Link] … To
…. [Link] [Link]
[Link]
NW Host172.16.1.1
Portion .. Max. devices: 16777214
portion
Max. devices: 254 [Link]
[Link]
…
[Link]
….
[Link]
Max. devices: 65534
/24 Network:
IP Address : [Link]
11000000.10101000.00000001.00001010 AND
Subnet mask : [Link] 1 1 1
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 1 0 0
Network Address : [Link] 0 1 0
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000 0 0 0
Broad cast Address : [Link]
11000000.10101000.00000001.11111111 BC calculation
1 1 1
/16 Network: 1 0 1
IP Address : [Link] 0 1 0
Subnet mask : [Link] 0 0 1
11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
Network Address : [Link]
Borad cast Address : [Link]
/8 Network:
IP Address : [Link]
Subnet mask : [Link]
11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Network Address : [Link]
Borad cast address : [Link]
/22 Network:
IP Address : [Link] 10101100.00010000.11000010.00001010
Subnet mask : [Link] 11111111.11111111.11111100.00000000
Network Address : [Link] 10101100.00010000.11000000.00000000
BC Address : [Link] 10101100.00010000.11000011.11111111
How many devices can we connect in this network?
Device IP’s: [Link] to [Link]
[Link] to [Link] = 255
[Link] to [Link] = 256
[Link] to [Link] = 256
[Link] to [Link] = 255
1022
Formula to calculate total devices can be fixed in a network: 2hostbits – 2
for /22 network = 210 – 2 = 1022.
for /24 network = 28 – 2 = 254
for /16 network = 216- 2 = 65534
for /8 network = 224 – 2 = 16777214
Classes of IP Address: Its an architecture that every organization uses to build their network
infrastructure.
• Class A – Unicast
• Class B – Unicast
• Class C – Unicast
• Class D – Multicast
• Class E – Reserved for R&D
Class A:
1. ‘W’ portion of IP Address is network portion and ‘X.Y.Z’ will be host portion (i.e. /8)
2. Priority bit of class A IP Address should be ‘0’. i.e. ‘W’ portion of IP Address should be a value
between 00000001 to 01111111 (i.e. 1 to 127)
3. IP Address that start with 1.x.y.z to 126.x.y.z are considered as class A IP Addresses
127.x.y.z IP’s are reserved for loopback testing
4. Ex: [Link]/8, [Link]/8
Class B:
5. ‘W.X’ portions of IP Address is network portion and ‘Y.Z’ will be host portion (i.e. /16)
6. Priority bits of class B should be ‘10’. i.e. ‘W’ portion of IP Address should be a value between
10000000 to 10111111 (i.e. 128 to 191)
7. IP Address that start with 128.x.y.z to 191.x.y.z are considered as class B IP Addresses
8. Ex: [Link]/16, [Link]/16
Class C:
1. ‘W.X.Y’ are network portions and ‘Z’ is considered as host portion. (i.e. /24)
2. Priority bits of class C IP Addresses should be ‘110’. i.e. ‘W’ portion of IP Address can be a
value between 11000000 to 11011111 (i.e. 192 to 223)
3. IP Address that start with 192.x.y.z to 223.x.y.z are considered as class C IP Addresses
4. [Link]/24
Class D: Used in Multicast environments
• Priority bits of class D IP Addresses should be ‘1110’. i.e. ‘W’ portion can be a value between
11100000 to 11101111 (i.e. 224 to 239)
• IP Address that start with 224.x.y.z to 239.x.y.z are considered as class D IP Addresses
Class E: Reserved for R&D purpose
• Priority bits of class E IP Addresses should be ‘1111’. i.e. ‘W’ portion can be a value between
11110000 to 11111111 (i.e. 240 to 255)
• IP Address that start with 240.x.y.z to 255.x.y.z are considered as class E IP Addresses
Private IP Addresses Vs Public IP Addresses:
Private IP Addresses: There are few IP Addresses reserved to use only with in organizations,
such IP Addresses are called private IP addresses.
Class A - [Link] to [Link]
Class B - [Link] to [Link]
Class C - [Link] to [Link]
Public IP Addresses: IP Addresses that are other than private ranges are reserved for Internet.
i.e. these IP’s are assigned to servers that are hosted in WWW.
Network Topologies:
4. Star Topology:
1. Point to Point Topology
2. Bus Topology
5. Mesh Topology
3. Ring Topology
6. Tree Topology: Combination of Star and Bus topology
7. Hybrid Topology: combination different topologies under one
root
OSI Model:
OSI stands for Open
Systems Interconnection. It
was developed by ISO
(International organization
of standardization) in the
year 1984. OSI is a
conceptual framework that
describe functionalities of a
network system. Its is a 7
layer architecture with each
layer have specific
functionality to perform, all
these 7 layers work
collaboratively to transmit
data from one computer to
another across the globe.
OSI Model Explained in short:
7. Application Layer: Provides UI for sending and receiving data
6. Presentation Layer: Encrypt, format and compress data for transmission.
5. Session Layer: Initiate / Terminate session with remote computer
4. Transport Layer: Breaks the data stream into smaller data segments (Data
packets)
3. Network Layer: Provide Logical Addressing to data segments.
2. Data Link Layer: Prepares data for transmission
1. Physical Layer: Moves data between devices
OSI Vs TCP Model
OSI Model TCP Model
Application Layer
Presentation Layer Application Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Network Layer Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Interface
Layer
Physical Layer
