Subject Name – Maths JEE

Class - 12th IIT-JEE

Chapter Name – Relation & Function

PPT No.- 03/03 By-Faculty name

PPT CONTENT

Sr. No. TOPICS

1. Classification of function
2. Composition of Functions
3. Periodic Functions
4. Odd and even functions
5. Periodic Function
6. Inverse Function
7. Functional Equations
 Unlocking New Perspective
One-one mapping
A function f : A → B is said to be one –one mapping or injection, if different
element of set A having different images in B. Thus, no two elements of set A can
have same images.
a ≠ b ⇒ f(a) ≠ f(b) for all a, b ∈ A or f(a) = f(b) ⇒ a – b for all a, b ∈ A
f g

a1 b1 x1 y1

a2 b2 x2 y2
y3
a3 b3 x3 y4
a4 b4 x4 y5 g : x  Y is a function but
f : A  B is a many – one (not one as x1
A B one – one function X Y and x3 gives output )
 How to decide whether mapping is
one-one (or injective) or many one?
Theoretically/Analytically
▪ Take two arbitrary elements x1 and x2 in the domain of f( i.e. in set A)
▪ Operate f(x1) = f(x2)
▪ Solve f(x1) = f(x2). If f(x1) = f(x2) gives x1 = x2 only, then f : A → B is one-one
function other wise many one.
 Graphically

Draw the graph of function in domain and Co-Domain.

Draw horizontal lines. If horizontal line cuts the graph at only one points, then
function is one-one else many-one.
 By Calculus Approach

Note : = 0 may also occur. But is should not exist in a interval.

y y y

y1
=0

x x
=0 at one point x =0
x1 x2 x 3
only But still graph is strictly
y1 occurs at x = x1 x2 x3 ….
(f is strictly increasing) increasing.
Hence injective mapping Hence not injective mapping Hence injective mapping
 Number of one-one function

If A and B are two finite sets having m and n elements respectively, then number of
one-one function from A to B is:
 Many One Function

If let f : A→ B. if two or more than two elements of set a have the same image in
B, then f said to be many one.
f
e.g. let A = {–1, 1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 4, 9} -1 1
1 4
Where f : A → B given f(x) = X2 2
3 9
Here, f(–1) = 1; f(1) = 1; f(2) = 4 and f(3) = 9. A B

Clearly, two element 1 and –1 have the same image 1∈ B. So, f is a many one
function.
 Number of many-one function

If A and B are two finite sets having m and n elements respectively, then number of
many-one function from A to B is:
Question

Check whether the following function are one-one or many one?

f(x) = 5x3 + sinx f : R  R
Question

Check whether the following function are one-one or many one?

f(x) = – 3x + 2 f : (- - 1)  (0,e4)
Question

Let f : R → R defined by f(x) = x3 + ax2 + 3x + 100, then the values

of a for which f is a one to one function, is

A –2 ≤ a ≤ 3

B –2 ≤ a ≤ 2

C –3 ≤ a ≤ 3

D None of these
Question

Check whether the following function are one-one or many one?

y = ln (In(x)) f : (e, )  R
 Onto mapping (Surjection)

If the function f : A → B is such that each element of B is the pre image of atleast
one elements in A i.e. every element of B is paired. It is expressed as f(A) = B i.e.
range of f = co-domain of f. f f

a1 b1 x1 y1
a2 b2 x2 y2
b3 x3
a3 b4 x4 y3

a4 b5 x5 y4
Not Onto Onto
A (Into)
B A Mapping
B

{ As b2, b3 does not

have any per-image } {range = Co – domain}
 How to decide whether mapping is
surjective (onto) or Into?

Theoretically/Analytically
▪ Find range of the function (Not easy!)
▪ If range = Co-domain, then mapping is surjective (onto) else Into?

Graphically
▪ Draw the graph of y = f(x)
▪ If the vertical span of the graph is same as the co-domain, them mapping is onto
else into.
 Special Approach

[Valid only for continuous functions with Co-domain Real]

If the function f: A  B is f : (a,b)  R
Such that lim f(x) = C 1 and lim f(x) = C 2
Y ∞ ∞
x a+
x b –

if {C1  and C2 } or {C1  and C2 },

then range of function f is R. X
a b
Hence mapping is Onto else Into.

- -
 Number of Onto function

If A and B are two sets, having m and n elements respectively such that 1 n m,
then number of onto functions from A to B is:
nm – nC1(n – 1)m + nC2(n – 2)m…..
 Into Function

If the function f : A → B is such that there is atlest one element in B which is not f
image of any element in A, then f is called an into function.
OR
If there is even single element in the set of codomain which does not have its pre-
image, then it is known as into function.
 Into Function

e.g. Let A = {2, 3, 5, 7} and B = {0, 1, 3, 5, 7}. Consider f : A → B; f(x) = x – 2. Then

f(2) = 0; f(3) = 1, f(5) = 3 and f(7) = 5.

Clearly, f is a function from A to B. Now, f

there exists an elements 7 ∈ B, having
2 0
no pre image in A. So, f is an into 3 1
function. 5 3
7 5
7
Note : If range of a function f is proper
subset of co-domain, then function f is A B
into.
Number of into function
Question

Let f : (-, ) [2, ) be a function defined by f(x) = R, then the value

of a for which f is onto

A 1

B √ 3
C 1+

D 1+
Question

If the function f : R – {1, -1}  A defined by f(x) = is surjective,

then A is equal to
[JEE Main 2019]

A R – {–1}

B [0, ∞)

C R – [–1, 0)

D R – (–1, 0)
Question

Let A = {x : x is not a positive integer} Define a function f: A  R

as f(x) = then f is
[JEE Main 2019]

A Injective but not surjective

B Not injective

C Surjective but not injective

D Neither injective nor surjective

Question

Let f : R  R be defined as f(x) = 2x – 1 and g : R – {1}  R defined

as g(x) = then the composition function f(g(x)) is
[JEE Main 2021]

A Both one-one and onto

B Onto but not one-one

C Neither one-one nor onto

D One-one but not onto

Question

f : R  R f(x) = is

A Many one function

B Odd function

C One-one function

D None of these
Question

The functions f [2,∞)→ y defined by f(x) = x2 – 4x + 5 is both one-

one and onto if

A Y=R

B Y = [1, ∞)

Y = [4, ∞)
C

D Y = [5, ∞)
Question

Let f : R  R be a function defined by f(x) = then f is

A One –one but not onto

B Onto but not one - one

C Onto as well as one - one

D Neither onto nor one -one

Question

Let f : R → R be a function defined by f (x) = x3 + x2 + 3x + sin x.

then f is

A One-one and onto

B One-one and into

C Many one and onto

D Many one and into

Question

Let for function f : A → B set A and B has both 4 elements each

then find
(i) Total no. of function

(ii) Number of one-one function

(iii) Number of many-one function

(iv) Number of onto function

(v) Number of into function

Question

Let for function f : A → B set A has 5 elements and B has 4

elements each then find
(i) Total no. of function

(ii) Number of one-one function

(iii) Number of many-one function

(iv) Number of onto function

(v) Number of into function

Question

Let for function f : A → B set A has 4 elements and B has 5

elements each then find
(i) Total no. of function

(ii) Number of one-one function

(iii) Number of many-one function

(iv) Number of onto function

(v) Number of into function

 Composite functions
Let f : A→B and g : B→ C be two functions. Then, a function gof : A→ C defined by
(gof)(x) = gf(x)} for all x ∈ A is called the composition of f and g.
Let A, B and C be three non-void sets and let f : A → B, g : B ⇒ C be two functions. Since, f is
a function from A to B, therefore for each x ∈ A there exists a unique element f(x) ∈ B.
Again, since g is a function from B to C, therefore corresponding to f(x) ∈ B there exists a
unique element gf(x)} ∈ C. Thus, for each x ∈ A there exists a unique element g{f(x)} = C. If
follows from the above discussion that ƒ and g when considered together define a new
function from A to C. This function is called the composition of ƒ and g and is denoted by
gof. We define it formally as follows:
gof

f g

x f(x)
g[f(x)]
X Y Z
Uniform and non-uniform Composite functions
 Important points

(i) gof is defined only if for each x ∈ A, f(x) is an element of g so that we can take
its g-image. Hence, for the composition gof to exist, the range of f must be a
subset of the domain of g.
(ii) gof exists if the range of f is a subset of domain of g. Similarly, fog exists if range
a subset of domain of f.
 Properties of Composition of Function

Properties of Composition of Functions

(i) If ƒ and g are even functions ⇒ fog is an even function.

(ii) If f is an odd and g is an even function ⇒ fog is an odd function.

 Properties of a Composition of Function

(iii) If f is an even and g is an odd function ⇒ fog is an even function.

(iv) The composition of functions is not commutative. i.e., fog ≠ gof

(v) The composition of functions is associative i.e., If f, g, h are any three functions
such that (fog) oh and fo (goh) both exist, then (fog) oh = fo (goh).
 Properties of a Composition of Function

(vi) The composition of two bijective function is also a bijective function.

(vii) The composition of any function with the identity function is the function
itself.
i.e., If f : A → B,
then foIA = IBof = f
(viii) If f, g and h be functions from R to R
then, (f + g) oh = foh + goh and
(f . g) oh = (foh)·(goh)
Question

If f(x) = and g(x)= x-7 then (fog) (x) and (gof)(x):

Question

If f(x) = then (fof) (x) is

Question

#Q. Let f(x) = lnx and The natural domain of f(g(x)) is

A (–, )

B (0, )

C [0, )

D [1, )
Question

If gof is onto function, which of the following is true?

A It is not necessary that f and g are on-to

B It is necessary that f and g are on-to

C It is not necessary that f and g are onto but g must be

on-to
D None of these
Question

For x∈R – {0,1}, let f1(x) = , f2(x) = 1 – x and f3(x) be three given
functions. If a function J(x) satisfies (f2oJof1)(x) = f3(x), then j(x) is
equal to
[JEE Main 2019]
A f2x

B f3(x)

C f1(x)

D
Question

Let f: R  R be defined by f(x) = , then (fofof)(x) is

𝑥
A
√ 1+ 𝑥 2
𝑥
B
√ 1+ 3 𝑥 2
C x

D 1
Question

If f(x)= , x , the value of (fof)(x) is, for all x

1
A
𝑥
B x2

C x
1
D 𝑥2
Question

If g(x) = x2 + x – 1 and (gof)(x) = 4x2 – 10x + 5, then f(5/4) is equal

to
[JEE Mains 2020]

A –1/2

B 3/2

C –3/2

D 1/2
 Even and Odd Functions

A real function f(x) is an even function, if f−x=f(x)

e.g f(x) = cosx is an even function.
A real function f(x) is an odd function, if f(-x) = -f(x)
e.g. f(x) = sin x or x3 are odd function.
 Properties of Even and Odd Functions

(i) Product of two odd functions or two even functions is an even function.
(ii) Product of an even functions and an odd functions is an odd function.
(iii) Each function can be expressed as the sum of an even function and an odd
function.

Such that
F(x) = +
Even function odd function
 Properties of Even and Odd Functions

(iv) Derivative of an even function is an odd function and derivative of an odd

function is an even function.
(v) Square of an even or an odd function is always an even function.
(vi) The graph of an odd function is symmetrical about origin or symmetrical in
opposite quadrants.
(vii) The graph of an even function is symmetrical about y-axis.
Question

Which of the following functions is (are) even, odd or neither :

A f(x) = x2 sin x

B f(x) = - fd

C f(x) = log

D f(x) = sin x – cos x

E f(x) =
Question

Identify the given functions as odd, even or neither :

A F(x) = + + 1

B F(x+y) = f(x) + f (y) for all x,y, ∈ R

Question

If f: ( x ) = x 3
– 2 sin x + k is an odd function, then
find k ?
Question

The functions f1(x)= log(x+) and f2(x) = x are respectively.

A Odd and even function

B Even and odd function

C Odd and odd function

D Even and even function

Question

Let f(x) = ax(a 0) be written as f(x) = f1(x) + f2(x) where f1(x) is an

even function and f2(x) is an odd function. Then f1(x+y) + f1(x-y)
equals
[JEE Main 2019]
A 2f1(x+y). f2(x - y)

B 2f1(x+y). f1(x - y)

C 2f1(x). f2(y)

D 2f1(x). f1(y)
Question

If 'f' is a real valued function not identically zero, satisfying

f(x+y) + f(x-y) = 2f(x). f(y), ꓯ x, y ∈ R, then f(x) is

A odd

B even

C Neither even nor odd

D Cannot say
Question

If f(x) is a function that is odd and even simultaneously, then f(3) -

f(2) is equal to

A 1

B -1

C 0

D 2
 Periodic Function

A function f : X → Y is said to be a periodic function, if there exist a positive real

number T such that f(x+T) = f(x),   x ∈ X. The least value of T is called the
fundamental period of function. In general, the fundamental period (principal
period) is called the period of a function. Graphically graph gets repeated after each
period of the function.
Standard Results on Some Periodic Function

Function Period
sinnx, cosnx, secnx, cosecnx π (if n is an even number)
tannx, cotnx 2 π (If n is an odd number)
|sinx|, |cosx|, |tanx|, |secx|, π
|cosec x|, |cotx| π
x-[x] 1
Sin-1 (sin x), cos-1 (cos x) 2π
Cosec-1(cosec x), sec-1 (sec x)
Tan-1 (tan x), cot-1 (cot x) π
 Properties of Periodic Functions

(i) If f(x) is a periodic function with fundamental period T, then will also be a
periodic function with same fundamental period T.
(ii) If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then f(ax + b), a 0 is also a periodic
function with fundamental period T.
(iii) If f(x) is a periodic function with period T, then af(x) + b is also a periodic
function with same fundamental period T.
 Properties of Periodic Functions

(iv) Let f(x) and g(x) be two periodic functions such that period of f(x) = where m,n
∈ N and m,n are coprime and period of g(x) = , where r,s ∈ N and r,s are
coprime. Then, (f + g)(x) is periodic with period T given by T =
Provided that there does not exist a positive number k < T for which f(k + x) = g(x)
and g(k + x) = f(x), else k will be the period of (f + g)(x).
This result is also true for functions , f- g and fg.
 Properties of Periodic Functions

(v) If f(x) is a periodic function with period T and g(x) is a monotonic function, then
g[f(x)] is also a periodic function with same period T as that of f(x).
(vi) If f1(x), f2(x) and f3(x) are periodic functions with periods T1, T2 and T3
respectively also, if
h(x) = af1(x) ± bf2(x) ± cf3(x). Then, period of

{h(x)} =
Question

If f(x) = sin x + cos a x is a periodic function, then 'a' is a

A Irrational number

B Rational number

C Natural number

D None of these
Question

Which of the following function has period π ?

A tan 3x + cos

B f(x) = cos x + {x}

C f(x) = cos(cos x) + cos(sin x)

D None of these [here {x} denotes the fractional part of x]

Question

The period of the function f(x) = sin is

A 2π

B 2π/5

C 10π

D 5π
Question

The period of the function f(x) = is

𝜋
A
4

B 2π
𝜋
C 2

D π
Question

The period of the function f(x) = sin4x + cos4x is

A π
𝜋
B
2
C 2

D None of these
 Inverse Function

Let f : A → B is a bijective function, then there exist a unique function g : B → A

such that
f(x) = y ⇔ g(y) = x, ∀ x ∈ A, and y ∈ B, then g is called inverse function of f.
Hence, g = f–1 : B → A

a d
b e
c f

A g B
 Properties of Inverse Function

(i) Inverse of bijective function is unique.

(ii) Inverse of bijective function is also bijective function

(iii) If f : A → B is bijective function and g : B → A is inverse of f, then fog = I B and gof

= IA, where IA and IB are identity function of sets A and B, respectively.

 Properties of Inverse Function

(iv) If f : A → B and g : B → A are two bijective functions, then gof : A → C is also

bijective function and (gof)–1 = f–1 og–1.

(v) fog ≠ gof, but if fog = gof, then either f–1 = g or g–1 = f and (fog)(x) = (gof)(x) = x.
Note : If the inverse of f exists, then f is called an invertible function.
Question

The inverse of the function f(x) = log(x2 + 3x + 1); x ∈ [1, 3]

assuming it to be an onto function, is

A − 3 − √ 5 +4 𝑒𝑥
2
B − 3 ± √ 5+ 4 𝑒𝑥
2
C − 3+ √ 5 + 4 𝑒𝑥
2
D None of the above
Question

{
𝒙, 𝒙 <𝟏
The inverse of the function f(x) 𝒙 𝟐 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒 𝒊𝒔
= 𝟖√ 𝒙 , 𝒙 >𝟒

{ {
1/ 𝑥 𝑥 <1 𝑥, 𝑥 <1
A √ 𝑥 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 16 B √ 𝑥 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 16
𝑥 2/ 64 𝑥> 16
𝑥 2/ 64 𝑥> 16

{
𝑥, 𝑥 <1
C √ 𝑥 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 16 D None of the above
𝑥 2/ 64 𝑥< 16
Question

If f : [1,)  [2,) is given by f(x) = x + , then f-1(x) equal to

A 𝑥 +√ 𝑥 2 − 4
2
B 𝑥
1+ 𝑥 2

C 𝑥 −√ 𝑥 2 − 4
2
D 1 +√ 𝑥 − 4 2
Question

The inverse function of f(x) = ; x ∈ (-1,1)

[JEE Mains 2020]

A (log8e) log e

B log e

C (log8e) log e

D log e
Question

If f:  [-1,1] is define by f(x) = sin x, then f-1 (x) is given by

A sin–1x

B π + sin–1x

C π – sin–1x

D None of these
 Functional Equations

If x, y are independent variables, then :

(a) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = kℓn x
(b) f(xy) = f(x).f(y) ⇒ f(x) = xn, n ∈ R or f(x) = 0
(c) f(x+y) = f(x).f(y) ⇒ f(x) = akx or f(x) = 0
(d) f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.
Question

If f: R  R satisfies f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y), for all x,y ∈ R and f(1) = 7,

then
is
[AIEEE 2003]
A 7 𝑛(𝑛+1 )
2
B 7n/2

C 7 ( 𝑛 + 1)
2
D 7n + (n +1)
Question

The graph of the function y = f(x) is symmetrical about the line

x=2, then
[AIEEE 2004]

A f(x) = -f(-x)

B f(2+x) = f(2-x)

C f(x) = f(-x)

D f(x+2) = f(x-2)
Question

Let f(x) be a quadratic polynomial such that f(-1) + f(2) = 0. If one

of the roots of f(x) = 0 is 3, then its other root lies in:
[JEE Sep. 02,2020 (II)]

A (-1,0)

B (1,3)

C (-3,-1)

D (0,1)
Question

If 3f(x) – f = loge x4 for x 0, then find f(ex)

Question

If f(x+y) = f(x) + f(y) ꓯ x,y ∈ R f(1) = 3, then find f(r).

Question

If f(x+y+1) = 2
and f(0) = 1, ꓯ x,y ∈ R Determine f(x).
 Homogeneous function

A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when

each of its terms is of the same degree with respect to those variables.
For example 5x² + 3y² - xy is homogeneous in x and y. Symbolically if
f(tx,ty) = tn. f(x,y), then f(x,y) is homogeneous function of degree n.
Examples of Homogeneous function:
f(x, y) = In In ; + x;x + ycos are homogeneous function of degree one.
 Implicit and Explicit Function

A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an
implicit function. For example, the equation x3 + y3 = 1, defines y as an implicit
function. If y has been expressed in terms of only x, then it is called explicit
function. y-
Examples of implicit and explicit function (x,y) = 0 y=
1. x + y = 0; y2 = x y-
y=
y = - or y = x (rejected) f1(x)
f2 (x)
A
2. y2 = x represents two separated branches f2(x)
O
3. x +y – 3xy = 0 folium of desecrates
3 3
y = f3(x)
Mind Map : Learning Made
Simple