What is an Operating System?

• An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer

hardware, software resources, and provides common services for
computer programs.
• It acts as an intermediary between users and the computer
hardware, ensuring the efficient execution of programs and
management of resources such as the CPU, memory, storage, and I/O
devices.
Some key functions include.
• Process management.
• Handling the execution of processes and multitasking.
• Memory management.
• Managing the computer’s memory and allocating space for
programs.
• File system management.
• Organizing and managing files and directories.
• Device management.
• Controlling peripheral devices such as printers, disks, and network
interfaces.
• Security and Access Control: Protecting data and resources from
unauthorized access.
 Differences between Operating
Systems (Windows, Linux,
macOS, etc.)
• Windows.
• Known for its wide software compatibility, especially for gaming and
business applications.
• Easy to use for non-technical users, but can be vulnerable to malware and
performance issues on older systems.
• Linux.
• Highly customizable and preferred by developers and IT professionals.
• It is open-source and generally more secure and lightweight than other
OSes.
• However, it can have limited support for certain commercial software.
• macOS.
• Developed by Apple, macOS is highly optimized for Apple hardware,
offering excellent performance for creative applications (e.g., video
editing, graphic design).
• It's also known for its secure, but closed, ecosystem.
• Android.
• Based on the Linux kernel, Android is designed for touchscreen
mobile devices.
• It’s open-source with customizations by manufacturers like Samsung,
Xiaomi, etc. Widely used in smartphones and tablets.
• iOS.
• Apple's mobile operating system, optimized for performance on
iPhones and iPads.
• It has a closed ecosystem, ensuring high security and stability but
limiting user customization.
 Introduction to Linux
Distribution
• What is a “distribution?”
• Linux distribution is an operating system that is made
up of a collection of software based on Linux kernel or
you can say distribution contains the Linux kernel and
supporting libraries and software.
• And you can get Linux-based operating system by
downloading one of the Linux distributions and these
distributions are available for different types of devices
like embedded devices, personal computers, etc.
• Which distribution is right for you?
• For Beginners.
• Because of its simple user interface and strong
community support, Ubuntu is a wonderful choice for
initially Linux users.
• On the opposite hand, Linux Mint make it
straightforward for beginners to transition to Linux by
offering an experience comparable to Windows out of
the box.
• For Advanced Users.
• Advanced users who appreciate customization and
direct control might opt for Arch Linux, it is known for its
simplistic style and ability to create highly unique
systems from the ground up.
• Another choice is Gentoo, that provides total control of
the system but requires manual setup and a lengthy
learning process.
• For Servers.
• For server environments, CentOS is a powerful,
community-maintained distribution that matches Red
Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) quite somewhat.
• As an alternative, Ubuntu Server offers an extensive list
of server applications in addition to strong community
support and ease of use.
• For Developers:
• Fedora was a popular choice among developers due to
its focus upon modern technology and software, making
it a perfect platform for software testing and
development.
• On the other hand, Debian is well known for its
reliability and extensive package repository, which
implies it may be used in both production and
development environments.
• For Lightweight Systems.
• Ubuntu is frequently picked by users either like
lightweight operating systems or have outdated
equipment due to its ability to utilize system resources
efficiently while maintaining functionality.
• Another slim option is Puppy Linux, that is made to run
well on outdated hardware while maintaining the
essential functions and applications.
• Installing Linux
• Selecting a Ubuntu, Fedora, or Linux Mint distribution
which suits your needs is the initial step in the
straightforward procedure for installing Linux.
• Download the ISO file first from the distribution’s official
website.
• Next, utilize an application like Etcher for macOS and
Linux or Rufus for Windows to create a bootable USB drive.
• Following you insert the USB drive into your computer
and restart it, you may set the USB drive as the primary
boot device by traversing to the BIOS or UEFI settings.
• Upon booting from the USB the hard drive, the Linux
setup will show up.
• To partition the drive, choose your time zone, create
user accounts, and change system settings, simply
adhere to the instructions displayed on the screen.
• When the installation concludes, disconnect the USB
drive and turn on your computer normally.
 How to Install Ubuntu on Windows with Hyper-V
• Introduction
• Since the introduction of Windows 10 Fall Creators
Update, it's possible to run Ubuntu natively on Windows
10.
• However, there are limitations to running Ubuntu
natively on Windows, such as being restricted to using
the command-line interface.
• Hyper-V offers a built-in way of creating and managing
virtual machines on Windows 10.
• It allows you to install a distribution of Linux, including
Ubuntu.
• Prerequisites
• A system running Windows 10
• An account with administrator-level privileges
• Hyper-V Ubuntu Installation Guide
• Following the steps outlined below, you can enable
Hyper-V and start using it to create an Ubuntu virtual
machine.
• STEP 1: Enable Hyper-V
• Before setting up the virtual machine, you need to
enable Hyper-V in Windows settings.
• 1. Open the Windows Start menu, and select
the Settings window.
• 2. Click the Apps tile to open application settings.
6. Click OK to confirm the changes.
7. Restart your computer.
• STEP 2: Create a Virtual Switch
• After enabling Hyper-V, create a virtual network
switch for the virtual machine to use.
• 1. In the Start menu, navigate to the Windows
Administrative Tools folder and open Hyper-V
Manager.
• 2. Right-click on the name of your system on the left-
hand side of the Hyper-V Manager window.
• Select the Virtual Switch Manager option from the
drop-down menu.
4. Enter a name for the new virtual switch. In this example, we will be
using Ubuntu 20.04. Click OK to finish setting up the virtual switch.
• STEP 3: Install Ubuntu 20.04
• Hyper-V offers two options when creating a new virtual
machine.
1.The Quick Create option lets you use a wizard to
automatically download an operating system and install it on
a virtual machine.
2.You can also manually set up a new virtual machine and
install an operating system from your hard drive or external
media.
• We will go over the process of installing Ubuntu 20.04 using
both options.
Quick Create
1. In the Action drop-down menu, click Quick Create to start the quick create
wizard.
2. On the left-hand side, select Ubuntu 20.04 from the list of operating
systems.
3. Click More options to set up a name for the new virtual machine and select
the Ubuntu 20.04 virtual switch in the Network menu.
3. Click Create Virtual Machine to start the setup
process.
Hyper-V will automatically download and install Ubuntu.
• 4. Once the installation is done, use
the Connect button to start up your virtual machine or
the Edit settings… button to change settings
• Manually
• 1. Before you start setting up a new virtual
machine, download the Ubuntu 20.04 installation
image from the official Ubuntu website.
• 2. In the Action drop-down menu, select New and
click Virtual Machine.
3. In the New Virtual Machine Wizard, click Next to start setting up
the new virtual machine.
4. Choose a name and install location for the new virtual machine,
then click Next to proceed.
5. Choose the generation for the new virtual machine, then
click Next.
6. Assign the amount of memory to allocate to the virtual machine.
Use at least 2 GB of memory and enable the use of dynamic
memory. Click Next to continue.
7. Choose Ubuntu 20.04 as the virtual network switch, then
click Next.
8. Use the Create a virtual hard disk option to create a new
hard disk for the virtual machine. Assign at least 20 GB of hard
disk space and click Next to continue.
9. Under the Install an operating system from a bootable
CD/DVD-ROM option, choose Image file (.iso) and select the
Ubuntu image you downloaded previously. Click Next to continue.
10. The final step offers a summary of the new
virtual machine setup. Click Previous to make
any changes or click Finish to create the virtual
machine.
• STEP 4: Start the Virtual Machine
• The new virtual machine appears in the Hyper-V
Manager window.
• Right-click on the virtual machine name and
click Connect to start it up.
Thank You