美國憲法第二修正案

《美利堅合眾國憲法》第二修正案（英語：Second Amendment to the United States Constitution）簡稱「第二修正案」（Amendment II），是美国权利法案之一，於1791年12月15日正式通過。它保障了美国持枪权（英语：Right to keep and bear arms in the United States），亦即公民享有正當防衛的公民權利^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]。

歷史

第一批乘坐「五月花號」到達北美大陸的歐洲移民正是依靠槍械等武器才得以在這片土地上落地生根，在猛獸和印第安人的包圍中，武器成為每個人安身立命的工具。此後，北美十三州逐漸成形，因為沒有常備的官兵，移民們只能以槍械自衛，州政府也逐漸介入到武器管理中，部分州政府甚至會對沒有武器的居民進行處罰。隨著獨立戰爭的打響，民兵的影響力進一步擴大，正是這些擁有武器的民兵和英軍作戰8年，並成功贏得獨立戰爭。建國後，當1789年美國憲法的「權利法案」由國會議員提出時，「持有和攜帶武器」的權利被自然而然的寫入其中，並於1791年被批准正式生效。為了限制強勢的專制政府，防止政府權力膨脹進而侵犯公民權力，賦予公民反抗的武器，也是這條法案重要內在精神，俗謂「槍權天授」。

內容

“

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

”

译文：紀律良好的民兵隊伍，對於一個自由國家的安全實屬必要；人民持有和攜帶武器的權利，不得予以侵犯^[5]

美國憲法第二修正案手寫複本，裁切自1789年美国权利法案

時任美国国务卿的托马斯·杰斐逊認可的內容如下，與原文相比，字句相同但是斷句與部分文字大小寫不同：^[6]

“

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

”

本条修正案的争议在于人民（the people）是指前文的民兵（Militia），还是指所有人，也就是对只有民兵有拥枪权还是所有人都有拥枪权有疑问。据联邦宪法法院的判例，是指后者。

爭議與解釋

第二修正案自制定以來一直是美國憲法中最具爭議的條款之一，特別是在槍支管制議題上。

1. 個人權利觀點：認為第二修正案保證每個公民擁有和攜帶武器的個人權利，不論是否參與民兵。

2. 集體權利觀點：認為第二修正案是為了保障各州擁有組建和維持民兵的能力，因此武器權利應與民兵活動相關。

在2008年及2010年，美國聯邦最高法院分別做出了兩個與本修正案有關的指標性判決。在哥倫比亞特區訴黑勒案（英语：District of Columbia v. Heller）（District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008)）中，聯邦最高法院判決認為，第二修正案保障個人擁有槍枝的權利，不論該人是否屬於民兵皆然，^[7]^[8]並且可以基於合法的目的使用該等武器，諸如在屋內自我防衛。在麥克唐納訴芝加哥案（McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. 3025 (2010)）中，法院判決第二修正案不僅能約束聯邦政府，對於州政府和地方政府同樣具有拘束力^[9]。

參閲

參考

^ Constitutional Law. Casenotes. [2018-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）.
^ Jilson, Cal. American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change. [2018-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-13）.
^ Shaman, Jeffrey. After Heller: What Now for the Second Amendment. Santa Clara Law Review. [2014-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-28）.
^ US Senate Annotated Constitution. [2014-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-10）.
^ 美國在台協會 - 權利法案（美國憲法修正案第一至第十條）. [2018-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-17）.
^ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875. memory.loc.gov. [2014-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-28）.
^ "The court held that the second amendment recognized an individual right to possess and carry a firearm unconnected with militia service." Pollock, Earl. The Supreme Court and American Democracy: Case Studies on Judicial Review and Public Policy. Greenwood. 2008: 423. ISBN 978-0-313-36525-6.
^ "held that the second amendment protects an individual's right to bear arms," Scaros, Constantinos E. Understanding the Constitution. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2010: 484. ISBN 978-0-7637-5811-0.
^ Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5-to-4 Ruling （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.

延伸阅读

Adams, Les. The Second Amendment Primer: A Citizen's Guidebook to the History, Sources, and Authorities for the Constitutional Guarantee of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms. Birmingham, Alabama: Paladium Press. 1996.
Adamson, Barry. Freedom of Religion, the First Amendment, and the Supreme Court. Pelican Publishing. 2008. ISBN 1-58980-520-8.
Anderson, Casey; Horwitz, Joshua. Guns, Democracy, and the Insurrectionist Idea. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 2009. ISBN 0-472-03370-0.
Barnett, Hilaire. Constitutional & Administrative Law. Routledge Cavendish. 2004. ISBN 1-85941-927-5.
Bickford, Charlene; et al (编). Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791: Correspondence: First Session, September–November 1789 17. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8018-7162-7.
Bogus, Carl T. The Second Amendment in Law and History: Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms. New York: The New Press. 2001. ISBN 1-56584-699-0.
Boynton, Lindsay Oliver J. The Elizabethan Militia 1558–1638. David & Charles. 1971. ISBN 0-7153-5244-X. OCLC 8605166.
Carter, Gregg Lee. Guns in American Society. ABC-CLIO. 2002.
Charles, Patrick J. The Second Amendment: The Intent and Its Interpretation by the States and the Supreme Court. McFarland. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7864-4270-6.
Cooke, Edward Francis. A Detailed Analysis of the Constitution. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2002. ISBN 0-7425-2238-5.
Cornell, Saul. A Well-Regulated Militia – The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-19-514786-5.
Cottrol, Robert. Gun Control and the Constitution: Sources and Explorations on the Second Amendment. Taylor & Francis. 1994.
Cramer, Clayton E.; Olson, Joseph. What Did "Bear Arms" Mean in the Second Amendment?. Geo. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y. 2008, 6 (2). SSRN 1086176  .
Crooker, Constance Emerson. Gun Control and Gun Rights. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2003. ISBN 978-0-313-32174-0.
Denson, John V. The Costs of War: America's Pyrrhic Victories 2. Transaction Publishers. 1999. ISBN 978-0-7658-0487-7.
Doherty, Brian. Gun Control on Trial: Inside the Supreme Court Battle Over the Second Amendment. Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute. 2008. ISBN 1-933995-25-4.
Dulaney, W. Marvin. Black Police in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-253-21040-2.
Ely, James W.; Bodenhamer, David J. The Bill of Rights in Modern America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 2008. ISBN 0-253-21991-4.
Foner, Eric; Garraty, John Arthur. The Reader's Companion to American History. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 1991. ISBN 0-395-51372-3.
Frey, Raymond; Wellman, Christopher. A Companion to Applied Ethics. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishing. 2003. ISBN 1-55786-594-9.
Halbrook, Stephen P. A Right to Bear Arms: State and Federal Bills of Rights and Constitutional Guarantees. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1989.
Halbrook, Stephen P. That Every Man Be Armed: The Evolution of a Constitutional Right (Independent Studies in Political Economy). Oakland, CA: The Independent Institute. 1994. ISBN 0-945999-38-0.
Hemenway, David. Private Guns, Public Health. University of Michigan Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-472-03162-7.
Kruschke, Earl R. Gun Control: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 1995. ISBN 0-87436-695-X.
Levy, Leonard W. Origins of the Bill of Rights. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-300-07802-1.
Madison, James. The Writings of James Madison: 1787–1790. Nabu Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-144-58273-7.
Malcolm, Joyce Lee. To Keep and Bear Arms: The Origins of an Anglo-American Right. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1996. ISBN 0-674-89307-7.
Merkel, William G.; Uviller, H. Richard. The Militia and the Right to Arms, Or, How the Second Amendment Fell Silent. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2002 [2013-02-14]. ISBN 0-8223-3017-2. （原始内容存档于2020-02-22）.
Millis, Walter. Arms and Men. Rutgers University Press. 1981.
Mulloy, D. American Extremism. Routledge. 2004.
Pepper, John; Petrie, Carol; Wellford, Charles F. Firearms and Violence. A Critical Review. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. 2005 [2019-11-17]. ISBN 0-309-09124-1. （原始内容存档于2014-10-15）.
Pole, J. R.; Greene, Jack P. A Companion to the American Revolution (Blackwell Companions to American History). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. 2003. ISBN 1-4051-1674-9.
Renehan, Edward J. The Secret Six: The True Tale of the Men Who Conspired With John Brown. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. 1997. ISBN 1-57003-181-9.
Schmidt, Steffen; Bardes, Barbara A.; Shelley, Mack C. American Government and Politics Today: The Essentials. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing. 2008. ISBN 0-495-57170-9.
Shapiro, Ilya. Cato Supreme Court Review 2007–2008. Washington, D.C: Cato Institute. 2008. ISBN 1-933995-17-3.
Smith, Rich. The Bill of Rights: Defining Our Freedoms. ABDO Group. 2007. ISBN 978-1-59928-913-7.
Spitzer, Robert J. The Right to Bear Arms: Rights and Liberties under the Law. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2001. ISBN 1-57607-347-5.
Szatmary, David P. Shays' Rebellion: the Making of an Agrarian Insurrection . Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. 1980. ISBN 0-87023-295-9.
Tucker, St. George; Blackstone, William. Blackstone's Commentaries: With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws, of the Federal Government of the United States, and of the Commonwealth of Virginia: In Five Volumes. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. 1996. ISBN 978-1-886363-15-1.
Tushnet, Mark V. Out of Range: Why the Constitution Can't End the Battle Over Guns. Oxford University Press. 2007: xv. ISBN 978-0-19-530424-4.
Rabban, David. Free Speech in its Forgotten Years. Cambridge University Press. 1999.
Rawle, William. A View of the Constitution of the United States of America 2. P.H. Nicklin. 1829.
Spooner, Lysander. An Essay on the Trial by Jury. 1852 [2013-07-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-22）.
Vile, John R. The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding (2 Volume Set). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2005. ISBN 1-85109-669-8.
Williams, David H. The Mythic Meanings of the Second Amendment: Taming Political Violence in a Constitutional Republic. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-300-09562-7.
Wills, Garry. Saul, Cornell , 编. Whose Right to Bear Arms did the Second Amendment Protect?. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's. 2000. ISBN 0-312-24060-0.
Wills, Garry. A Necessary Evil: A History of American Distrust of Government. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2002: 256–57. ISBN 0-684-87026-6.
Winterer, Caroline. The Culture of Classicism: Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life, 1780–1910. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2002.
Young, David E. The Origin of the Second Amendment: A Documentary History of the Bill of Rights 1787–1792 2. Golden Oak Books. 2001. ISBN 0-9623664-3-9.