Jump to content

do: difference between revisions

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Browse history interactively
← Go to previous editGo to next edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
IMIPER (talk | contribs)
1,075 edits
→Verb: Added content
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
m →References: right bracket
Line 395: Line 395:


===References===
===References===
* ''The Papuan Languages of New Guinea'' (1986, {{ISBN|0521286212}}
* ''The Papuan Languages of New Guinea'' (1986, {{ISBN|0521286212}})


----
----

Revision as of 04:06, 7 August 2019

See also: Appendix:Variations of "do"

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Alternative forms

Etymology 1

Lua error: The template Template:PIE root does not use the parameter(s): 
2=dʰeh₁
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.

(deprecated template usage)

From Middle English don, from Old English dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, do, make”).

The past tense form is from Middle English didde, dude, from Old English dyde, *diede, from Proto-Germanic *dedǭ/*dedē, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰédʰeh₁ti, an athematic e-reduplicated verb of the same root *dʰeh₁-.

The use of do in interrogative, negative, and, formerly, affirmative sentences, unusual in Germanic languages, is thought to be calqued from Brythonic.[1]

Pronunciation

Verb

do (third-person singular simple present does, present participle doing, simple past did, past participle done)

  1. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker
    1. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in a question whose main verb is not another auxiliary verb or be.
      Do you go there often?
    2. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker in negations with the indicative and imperative moods.
      • 1898, Winston Churchill, chapter 4, in The Celebrity:
        “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.
      I do not go there often.
      Do not listen to him.
    3. (auxiliary) A syntactic marker for emphasis with the indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods.
      • 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 7, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:
        “I don't know how you and the ‘head,’ as you call him, will get on, but I do know that if you call my duds a ‘livery’ again there'll be trouble. It's bad enough to go around togged out like a life saver on a drill day, but I can stand that 'cause I'm paid for it. […]”
      But I do go sometimes.
      Do tell us.
      It is important that he do come see me.
    4. (pro-verb) A syntactic marker that refers back to an earlier verb and allows the speaker to avoid repeating the verb; not generally used with auxiliaries such as "be".
      I play tennis; she does too.
      1. (African-American Vernacular) Can refer back to "be".
        They don't think it be like it is, but it do.
  2. (transitive) To perform; to execute.
    • 2013 June 21, Oliver Burkeman, “The tao of tech”, in The Guardian Weekly, volume 189, number 2, page 48:
      The dirty secret of the internet is that all this distraction and interruption is immensely profitable. Web companies like to boast about […], or offering services that let you "stay up to date with what your friends are doing", […] and so on. But the real way to build a successful online business is to be better than your rivals at undermining people's control of their own attention.
    All you ever do is surf the Internet. What will you do this afternoon?
  3. (obsolete, transitive) To cause, make (someone) (do something).
    • 1590, Edmund Spenser, The Faerie Queene, II.vi:
      Sometimes to doe him laugh, she would assay / To laugh at shaking of the leaues light, / Or to behold the water worke […]
    • W. Caxton
      My lord Abbot of Westminster did do shewe to me late certain evidences.
    • Spenser
      a fatal plague which many did to die
    • Bible, 2 Cor. viii. 1
      We do you to wit [i.e. we make you to know] of the grace of God bestowed on the churches of Macedonia.
  4. (intransitive, transitive) To suffice.
    • 1898, Winston Churchill, chapter 4, in The Celebrity:
      “Well,” I answered, at first with uncertainty, then with inspiration, “he would do splendidly to lead your cotillon, if you think of having one.” ¶ “So you do not dance, Mr. Crocker?” ¶ I was somewhat set back by her perspicuity.
    • 1922, Margery Williams, The Velveteen Rabbit
      "Here," she said, "take your old Bunny! He'll do to sleep with you!" And she dragged the Rabbit out by one ear, and put him into the Boy's arms.
    it’s not the best broom, but it will have to do;  this will do me, thanks.
  5. (intransitive) To be reasonable or acceptable.
    It simply will not do to have dozens of children running around such a quiet event.
  6. (ditransitive) To have (as an effect).
    The fresh air did him some good.
  7. (intransitive) To fare, perform (well or poorly).
    • 2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8845:
      Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.
    Our relationship isn't doing very well;  how do you do?
  8. (transitive, chiefly in questions) To have as one's job.
    What does Bob do? — He's a plumber.
  9. To perform the tasks or actions associated with (something)
    "Don't forget to do your report" means something quite different depending on whether you're a student or a programmer.
  10. To cook.
    • 1889, Jerome K. Jerome, Three Men In a Boat:
      It seemed, from his account, that he was very good at doing scrambled eggs.
    • Lua error in Module:quote at line 2583: |5= is an alias of |url=; cannot specify a value for both
    • 2005, Alan Tansley, The Grease Monkey, page 99:
      Next morning, they woke about ten o'clock, Kev, went for a shower while Alice, did some toast, put the kettle on, and when he came out, she went in.
    I'll just do some eggs.
  11. (transitive) To travel in, to tour, to make a circuit of.
    • 1869, Louisa May Alcott, Little Women, 1957 ed. edition:
      We 'did' London to our heart's content, thanks to Fred and Frank, and were sorry to go away, […]
    • 1892, James Batchelder, Multum in Parvo: Notes from the Life and Travels of James Batchelder‎[3], page 97:
      After doing Paris and its suburbs, I started for London […]
    • Lua error in Module:quote at line 2583: |5= is an alias of |url=; cannot specify a value for both
    Let’s do New York also.
  12. (transitive) To treat in a certain way.
    • Lua error in Module:quote at line 2583: |5= is an alias of |url=; cannot specify a value for both
    • 1928, Dorothy L. Sayers, "The Abominable History of the Man with Copper Fingers", in Lord Peter Views the Body,
      Upon my word, although he [my host] certainly did me uncommonly well, I began to feel I'd be more at ease among the bushmen.
    • 1994, Jervey Tervalon, Understand This‎[4], →ISBN, page 50:
      "Why you gonna do me like that?" I ask. "Do what?" "Dog me."
  13. (transitive) To work for or on, by way of caring for, looking after, preparing, cleaning, keeping in order, etc.
    • Harper's Magazine
      The sergeants seem to do themselves pretty well.
    • 2018, Kate Atkinson, Transcription, →ISBN, page 291:
      The woman-who-did did not do very well, Juliet thought.
  14. (intransitive, obsolete) To act or behave in a certain manner; to conduct oneself.
    • Bible, 2 Kings xvii. 34
      They fear not the Lord, neither do they after […] the law and commandment.
  15. (transitive) (see also do time) To spend (time) in jail.
    I did five years for armed robbery.
  16. (transitive) To impersonate or depict.
    They really laughed when he did Clinton, with a perfect accent and a leer.
  17. (transitive, slang) To kill.
    • 2004, Patrick Stevens, Politics Is the Greatest Game: A Johannesburg Liberal Lampoon‎[5], →ISBN, page 314:
      He's gonna do me, Jarvis. I kid you not, this time he's gonna do me proper.
    • 2007, E.J. Churchill, The Lazarus Code, page 153:
      The order came and I did him right there. The bullet went right where it was supposed to go.
  18. (transitive, slang) To deal with for good and all; to finish up; to undo; to ruin; to do for.
    • Charles Reade
      Sometimes they lie in wait in these dark streets, and fracture his skull, […] or break his arm, or cut the sinew of his wrist; and that they call doing him.
  19. (informal) To punish for a misdemeanor.
    He got done for speeding.
    Teacher'll do you for that!
  20. (transitive, slang) To have sex with. (See also do it)
    • c. 1590, William Shakespeare, Titus Andronicus, Act IV, scene II:
      Demetrius: "Villain, what hast thou done?"
      Aaron: "That which thou canst not undo."
      Chiron: "Thou hast undone our mother."
      Aaron: "Villain, I have done thy mother."
    • 1996, James Russell Kincaid, My Secret Life, page 81:
      […] one day I did her on the kitchen table, and several times on the dining-room table.
    • 2008, On the Line, Donna Hill‎[6], page 84:
      The uninhibited woman within wanted to do him right there on the countertop, but I remained composed.
  21. (transitive) To cheat or swindle.
    That guy just did me out of two hundred bucks!
    • De Quincey
      He was not to be done, at his time of life, by frivolous offers of a compromise that might have secured him seventy-five per cent.
  22. (transitive) To convert into a certain form; especially, to translate.
    the novel has just been done into English;  I'm going to do this play into a movie
  23. (transitive, intransitive) To finish.
    Aren't you done yet?
  24. (UK, dated, intransitive) To work as a domestic servant (with for).
    • 1915, Frank Thomas Bullen, Recollections
      I've left my key in my office in Manchester, my family are at Bournemouth, and the old woman who does for me goes home at nine o'clock.
  25. (archaic, dialectal, transitive, auxiliary) Used to form the present progressive of verbs.
    • 1844, William Barnes, Evenén in the Village, Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset Dialect:
      ...An' the dogs do bark, an' the rooks be a-vled to the elems high and dark, an' the water do roar at mill.
  26. (stock exchange) To cash or to advance money for, as a bill or note.
  27. (informal, transitive, ditransitive) To make or provide.
    Do they do haircuts there?
    Could you do me a burger with mayonnaise instead of ketchup?
  28. (informal, transitive) To injure (one's own body part).
    • 2010 April 24, “Given stretchered off with suspected broken shoulder”, in The Irish Times‎[7], retrieved 2015-07-21:
      "Defender Kolo Toure admitted Given will be a loss, but gave his backing to Nielsen. 'I think he's done his shoulder,' said the Ivorian."
    • 2014 April 14, Matt Cleary, “What do Australia's cricketers do on holiday?”, in ESPNcricinfo‎[8], retrieved 2015-07-21:
      "Watto will spend the entire winter stretching and doing Pilates, and do a hamstring after bending down to pick up his petrol cap after dropping it filling his car at Caltex Cronulla."
    • 2014 August 13, Harry Thring, “I knew straight away I'd done my ACL: Otten”, in AFL.com.au‎[9], retrieved 2015-07-21:
      "'I knew straight away I'd done my ACL, I heard the sound - it was very loud and a few of the boys said they heard it as well,' Otten said."
  29. (transitive) To take drugs.
    I do cocaine.
  30. (transitive, in the form be doing [somewhere]) To exist with a purpose or for a reason.
    What's that car doing in our swimming pool?
Conjugation
Conjugation of do
infinitive (to) do
present tense past tense
1st-person singular do doed
2nd-person singular
3rd-person singular dos
plural do
subjunctive do doed
imperative do —
participles doing doed
Usage notes
  • In older forms of English, when the pronoun thou was in active use, and verbs used -est for distinct second-person singular indicative forms, the verb do had two such forms: dost, in auxiliary uses, and doest, in other uses. The past tense of both forms is didst.
  • Similarly, when the ending -eth was in active use for third-person singular present indicative forms, the form doth was used as an auxiliary, and the form doeth elsewhere.
Antonyms
Derived terms

Template:col3-u

Translations

See do/translations § Verb.

See also

Noun

do (plural dos)

  1. (colloquial) A party, celebration, social function.
    We’re having a bit of a do on Saturday to celebrate my birthday.
    • 2013, Russell Brand, Russell Brand and the GQ awards: 'It's amazing how absurd it seems' (in The Guardian, 13 September 2013)[10]
      After a load of photos and what-not, we descend the world's longest escalator, which are called that even as they de-escalate, and in we go to the main forum, a high ceilinged hall, full of circular cloth-draped, numbered tables, a stage at the front, the letters GQ, 12-foot high in neon at the back; this aside, though, neon forever the moniker of trash, this is a posh do, in an opera house full of folk in tuxes.
  3. (informal) A hairdo.
    • 2012, Hannah Richell, The Secrets of the Tides, →ISBN, page 464:
      I like the new do.
    Nice do!
  4. Something that can or should be done (usually in the phrase dos and don'ts).
  5. (obsolete) A deed; an act.
    (Can we [[:Category:Requests for quotations/{{{2}}}|find and add]] a quotation of {{{2}}} to this entry?)Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "Sir Walter Scott" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E.
  6. (archaic) Ado; bustle; stir; to-do; A period of confusion or argument.
    • Selden
      A great deal of do, and a great deal of trouble.
  7. (obsolete, UK, slang) A cheat; a swindler.
  8. (obsolete, UK, slang) An act of swindling; a fraud or deception.
Usage notes
  • For the plural of the noun, the spelling dos would be correct; do's is often used for the sake of legibility, but is sometimes considered incorrect. For the party, the term usually implies a social function of modest size and formality.
Synonyms
Translations

Etymology 2

From the name of musicologist Giovanni Battista Doni, who suggested replacing the original ut with an open syllable for ease of singing. First found in Italian.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Noun

do (plural dos)

  1. (music) A syllable used in solfège to represent the first and eighth tonic of a major scale.
Synonyms
  • ut (archaic)
Translations

See also

(deprecated template usage)
names for musical notes

Etymology 3

Short for ditto.

Adverb

do (not comparable)

  1. (rare) (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) Abbreviation of ditto.

References

  1. ^ John McWhorter (2009) chapter 1, in Our Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold History of English‎[1], reprint edition, United States of America: Penguin, →ISBN, pages 1–7

Anagrams

Albanian

Alternative terms

Etymology

From dua (“I want, need, love, like”).

Verb

do; 2nd & 3rd pers. sg., active voice (indicative, present)

  1. you want, need
  2. you like
  3. you love
    A do?
    Do you want/like?
  1. he/she/it wants, needs
  2. he/she/it likes
  3. he/she/it loves
    Të dua.
    I love you.

Conjugation

Standard Albanian conjugation of do (active voice)

  • Show compound tenses:  

participle dashur
gerund duke dashur
infinitive për të dashur
singular plural
1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers. 1st pers. 2nd pers. 3rd pers.
indicative present dua do do duam doni duan
imperfect doja doje donte donim donit donin
aorist desha deshe deshi deshëm deshët deshën
perfect kam dashur ke dashur ka dashur kemi dashur keni dashur kanë dashur
past perfect kisha dashur kishe dashur kishte dashur kishim dashur kishit dashur kishin dashur
aorist II pata dashur pate dashur pati dashur patëm dashur patët dashur patën dashur
future1 do të dua do të duash do të dojë do të duam do të doni do të duan
future perfect2 do të kem dashur do të kesh dashur do të ketë dashur do të kemi dashur do të keni dashur do të kenë dashur
subjunctive present të dua të duash të dojë të duam të doni të duan
imperfect të doja të doje të donte të donim të donit të donin
perfect të kem dashur të kesh dashur të ketë dashur të kemi dashur të keni dashur të kenë dashur
past perfect të kisha dashur të kishe dashur të kishte dashur të kishim dashur të kishit dashur të kishin dashur
conditional1, 2 imperfect do të doja do të doje do të donte do të donim do të donit do të donin
past perfect do të kisha dashur do të kishe dashur do të kishte dashur do të kishim dashur do të kishit dashur do të kishin dashur
optative present daça daç dantë dançim dançit dançin
perfect paça dashur paç dashur pastë dashur paçim dashur paçit dashur paçin dashur
admirative present dashkam dashke dashka dashkemi dashkeni dashkan
imperfect dashkësha dashkëshe dashkësh dashkëshim dashkëshit dashkëshin
perfect paskam dashur paske dashur paska dashur paskemi dashur paskeni dashur paskan dashur
past perfect paskësha dashur paskëshe dashur paskësh dashur paskëshim dashur paskëshit dashur paskëshin dashur
imperative present — duaj — — doni —
1) indicative future identical with conditional present 2) indicative future perfect identical with conditional perfect

Bambara

Pronunciation

Noun

do

  1. group

References

Barai

Noun

do

  1. water

References

  • The Papuan Languages of New Guinea (1986, →ISBN)

Catalan

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Latin dōnum (“gift”)

Noun

do m (plural dons)

  1. gift
  2. talent

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Italian do.

Noun

do m (plural dos)

  1. (music) do (first note of diatonic scale)

Central Franconian

Etymology 1

From Old High German dār (“there”).

Pronunciation

Adverb

do

  1. here; there; in this or that place

Etymology 2

From Old High German duo (“then”), variant of do, dō. Compare German da, Dutch toen.

Alternative forms

  • du, dunn (southern Moselle Francoinan)

Pronunciation

Adverb

do

  1. (Ripuarian, northern Moselle Franconian) then; back then (at a certain time in the past)

Etymology 3

From Old High German du.

Alternative forms

  • du (many dialects)
  • dou (some dialects of Moselle Franconian)
  • de (unstressed form)

Pronunciation

Pronoun

do

  1. (few dialects, including Kölsch) thou; you (singular)

Czech

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

Preposition

Template:cs-prep + genitive

  1. into, in (to the inside of)
    Vešel do místnosti. —He walked into the room.
    Dostala se jí voda do bot.—Water got in her boots.
  2. to, in (in the direction of, and arriving at; indicating destination)
    Jdeme do obchodu. — We are walking to the shop.
    Přiletěli jsme do New Yorku. — We arrived in New York.
  3. until (up to the time of)
    Zůstal tam až do neděle.—He stayed there until Sunday.
  4. by (at some time before the given time)
    Ať jsi zpátky do desíti! — Be back by ten o'clock!

Dutch

Etymology

From Italian do (“the note”).

Pronunciation

Noun

do m or f (plural do's)

  1. do, the musical note
  2. (Belgium) C, the musical note

Synonyms

  • ut (archaic)

See also

Esperanto

Etymology 1

Noun

do (accusative singular do-on, plural do-oj, accusative plural do-ojn)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter D/d.

See also

Etymology 2

From French donc.

Adverb

do

  1. therefore, then, indeed, however

Fala

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese do, from de + o.

Preposition

do m (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das)

  1. contraction of de (“of”) + o (“the”)
    • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:
      I si “a patria do homi é sua lengua”, cumu idía Albert Camus, o que está claru é que a lengua está mui por encima de fronteiras, serras, rius i maris, de situaciós pulíticas i sociu-económicas, de lazus religiosus e inclusu familiaris.
      And if “a man’s homeland [i.e. “homeland of the man”] is his language”, as Albert Camus said, what is clear is that language is above borders, mountain ranges, rivers and seas, above political and socio-economic situations, of religious and even family ties.

Faroese

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian do.

Pronunciation

Noun

do n (genitive singular dos, plural do)

  1. (music) do

Declension

n3 singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative do doið do doini
accusative do doið do doini
dative doi doinum doum dounum
genitive dos dosins doa doanna

French

Pronunciation

Noun

do m (plural do)

  1. (music) do, the note 'C'.

Synonyms

Further reading

Galician

Etymology

From contraction of preposition de (“of, from”) + masculine definite article o (“the”)

Pronunciation

Contraction

do m (feminine da, masculine plural dos, feminine plural das)

  1. of the; from the; 's
    cabalo do demo
    "demon's horse" ("dragonfly")

Hunsrik

Pronunciation

Adverb

do

  1. here
    Die Fraa is nimmi do.
    The woman isn't here anymore.
  2. then; so
    Do sim-mer fortgesprung.
    Then we fled.

Synonyms

Further reading

Ido

Adverb

do

  1. so, therefore

Irish

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

  • d’ (used before vowel sounds)

Pronunciation

Particle

do (triggers lenition)

  1. (Munster, literary) marker of the past tense
    do mhol sé ― he praised
  2. (Munster, literary) relative marker (nominative, accusative)
    an cailín do mholann sé ― the girl that he praises

Etymology 2

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *do (“to, for”).

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Preposition

do (plus dative, triggers lenition)

  1. to, for
    do chara ― to a friend, for a friend
  2. used with the possessive determiners mo, do, bhur to indicate the direct object of a verbal noun, in place of ag after a form of bí in the progressive aspect
    Tá sé do mo ghortú. ― It’s hurting me.
    Bhí sé do d’fhiafraí. ― He was inquiring about you sg.
    Bhí sibh do bhur gcloí. ― You pl were being overthrown.
Inflection
Inflection of do
Person: simple emphatic
singular first dom domsa
second duit duitse
third m dó dósan
f di dise
plural first dúinn dúinne
second daoibh daoibhse
third dóibh dóibhsean
Alternative forms
Derived terms
Irish preposition contractions
Basic form Contracted with Copular forms
an (“the sg”) na (“the pl”) mo (“my”) do (“your”) a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) ár (“our”) ar (“which (past)”) (before consonant) (present/future before vowel) (past/conditional before vowel)
de (“from”) den de na
desna*		 de mo
dem*		 de do
ded*, det*		 dá dár dar darb darbh
do (“to, for”) don do na
dosna*		 do mo
dom*		 do do
dod*, dot*		 dá dár dar darb darbh
faoi (“under, about”) faoin faoi na faoi mo faoi do faoina faoinár faoinar faoinarb faoinarbh
i (“in”) sa, san sna i mo
im*		 i do
id*, it*		 ina inár inar inarb inarbh
le (“with”) leis an leis na le mo
lem*		 le do
led*, let*		 lena lenár lenar lenarb lenarbh
ó (“from, since”) ón ó na
ósna*		 ó mo
óm*		 ó do
ód*, ót*		 óna ónár ónar ónarb ónarbh
trí (“through”) tríd an trí na trí mo trí do trína trínár trínar trínarb trínarbh
*Dialectal.

Etymology 3

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *tu (“your, thy”).

Alternative forms

  • d’ (used before vowel sounds)

Pronunciation

Determiner

do (triggers lenition)

  1. your sg
    Cá bhfuil do charr?
    Where is your car?

See also

Irish personal pronouns
Number Person (and gender) Conjunctive
(emphatic) 		Disjunctive
(emphatic) 		Possessive
determiner
Singular First mé
(mise) 		mo L
m' before vowel sounds
Second tú
(tusa)1 		thú
(thusa) 		do L
d' before vowel sounds
Third masculine sé
(seisean) 		é
(eisean) 		a L
Third feminine sí
(sise) 		í
(ise) 		a H
Third neuter — ea —
Plural First muid, sinn
(muidne, muide), (sinne) 		ár E
Second sibh
(sibhse)1 		bhur E
Third siad
(siadsan) 		iad
(iadsan) 		a E

L Triggers lenition E Triggers eclipsis H Triggers h-prothesis

1 Also used as the vocative

The reflexive is formed by adding féin to the relevant pronoun: e.g. "myself" = mé féin, "yourselves" = sibh féin.

Further reading

Italian

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

Verb

do

  1. first-person singular indicative present of dare

Etymology 2

Noun

Italian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia it

do m

  1. do, the musical note
  2. C (the musical note or key)

Anagrams

Japanese

Romanization

do

  1. Rōmaji transcription of ど
  2. Rōmaji transcription of ド

Ladin

Preposition

do

  1. behind
  2. before (time)

Antonyms

Latin

Etymology

Lua error: The template Template:PIE root does not use the parameter(s): 
2=deh₃
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.

(deprecated template usage)

From Proto-Italic *didō, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, from the root *deh₃- (“give”). The reduplication was lost in Latin in the present tense, but is preserved in the other Italic languages. A root aorist (from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃t) is preserved in Venetic [script needed] (doto); the other Italic perfect forms reflect a reduplicated stative, *dedai. However, the root aorist possibly served as the source of the Latin present forms.[1]

Cognates include Ancient Greek δίδωμι (dídōmi), Sanskrit ददाति (dádāti), Old Persian 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 (dā-).

Pronunciation

Verb

dō (present infinitive dare, perfect active dedī, supine datum); first conjugation, irregular

  1. I give
    • Tertium non datur.law of excluded middle
      A third [possibility] is not given: .
    • 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Exodus.20.12:
      Honora patrem tuum et matrem tuam, ut sis longaevus super terram, quam Dominus Deus tuus dabit tibi.
      Honour thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee.
    Synonym: dōnō
  2. I offer, render
    • Captivi ("the captives") by Plautus (English and Latin text)
      Do tibi operam, Aristophontes, si quid est quod me velis.
      I’m at your service, Aristophontes, if there’s anything you want of me.
      Literally: I offer labour to you, Aristophontes...
    Synonym: dōnō
  3. I yield, surrender, concede

Conjugation

   Conjugation of dō (first conjugation, irregular short a in most forms except dās and dā)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present dō dās dat damus datis dant
imperfect dabam dabās dabat dabāmus dabātis dabant
future dabō dabis dabit dabimus dabitis dabunt
perfect dedī dedistī dedit dedimus dedistis dedērunt,
dedēre
pluperfect dederam dederās dederat dederāmus dederātis dederant
future perfect dederō dederis dederit dederimus dederitis dederint
passive present dor daris,
dare 		datur damur daminī dantur
imperfect dabar dabāris,
dabāre 		dabātur dabāmur dabāminī dabantur
future dabor daberis,
dabere 		dabitur dabimur dabiminī dabuntur
perfect datus + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect datus + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect datus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present dem dēs det dēmus dētis dent
imperfect darem darēs daret darēmus darētis darent
perfect dederim dederīs dederit dederīmus dederītis dederint
pluperfect dedissem dedissēs dedisset dedissēmus dedissētis dedissent
passive present der dēris,
dēre 		dētur dēmur dēminī dentur
imperfect darer darēris,
darēre 		darētur darēmur darēminī darentur
perfect datus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect datus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — dā — — date —
future — datō datō — datōte dantō
passive present — dare — — daminī —
future — dator dator — — dantor
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives dare dedisse datūrum esse darī datum esse datum īrī
participles dāns — datūrus — datus dandus
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
dandī dandō dandum dandō datum datū

Derived terms

(deprecated template usage)

Descendants

Template:desc-top

  • Aromanian: dau, dari
  • Corsican: dà
  • Dalmatian: dur
  • Emilian: dèr
  • Friulian: dâ
  • Istriot: dà
  • Interlingua: dar
  • Istro-Romanian: dåu
  • Ladin: dé, dèr
  • Ligurian: dâ
  • Lombard: da, daa
  • Navarro-Aragonese: dar
  • Neapolitan: dà
  • Italian: dare
  • Old Leonese: dar

Template:desc-mid

Template:desc-bottom

References

  • “do”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “do”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • do in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎[11], London: Macmillan and Co.
    • to set out on a journey: in viam se dare
    • to give a horse the reins: frenos dare equo
    • to require, give, take time for deliberation: tempus (spatium) deliberandi or ad deliberandum postulare, dare, sibi sumere
    • to give some one a few days for reflection: paucorum dierum spatium ad deliberandum dare
    • to own oneself conquered, surrender: manus dare
    • to show oneself to some one: se in conspectum dare alicui
    • to take care of one's health: valetudini consulere, operam dare
    • to give a person poison in bread: dare venenum in pane
    • to give funeral games in honour of a person: ludos funebres alicui dare
    • this is the inscription on his tomb..: sepulcro (Dat.) or in sepulcro hoc inscriptum est
    • a favourable[1] opportunity presents itself: occasio datur, offertur
    • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: occasionem alicui dare, praebere alicuius rei or ad aliquid faciendum
    • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: facultatem alicui dare alicuius rei or ut possit...
    • to give a man the opportunity of doing a thing: potestatem, copiam alicui dare, facere with Gen. gerund.
    • to give ground for suspicion: locum dare suspicioni
    • to give occasion for blame; to challenge criticism: ansas dare ad reprehendum, reprehensionis
    • to bring a man to ruin; to destroy: aliquem affligere, perdere, pessumdare, in praeceps dare
    • to do any one a service or kindness: beneficium alicui dare, tribuere
    • to award the prize to..: palmam deferre, dare alicui
    • to entrust a matter to a person; to commission: mandatum, negotium alicui dare
    • to consider a thing creditable to a man: aliquid laudi alicui ducere, dare
    • to reproach a person with..: aliquid alicui crimini dare, vertere
    • to take great pains in order to..: studiose (diligenter, enixe, sedulo, maxime) dare operam, ut...
    • to expend great labour on a thing: egregiam operam (multum, plus etc. operae) dare alicui rei
    • to abandon oneself to inactivity and apathy: ignaviae et socordiae se dare
    • to give a person his choice: optionem alicui dare (Acad. 2. 7. 19)
    • to offer a person the alternative of... or..: optionem alicui dare, utrum...an
    • to give a person advice: consilium dare alicui
    • to be forgotten, pass into oblivion: oblivioni esse, dari
    • to become a pupil, disciple of some one: operam dare or simply se dare alicui, se tradere in disciplinam alicuius, se conferre, se applicare ad aliquem
    • to give advice, directions, about a matter: praecepta dare, tradere de aliqua re
    • to grant, admit a thing: dare, concedere aliquid
    • to produce a play (of the writer): fabulam dare
    • to applaud, clap a person: plausum dare (alicui)
    • to give a gladiatorial show: munus gladiatorium edere, dare (or simply munus edere, dare)
    • to give a gladiatorial show: gladiatores dare
    • to let oneself be jovial: se dare iucunditati
    • to write a letter to some one: epistulam (litteras) dare, scribere, mittere ad aliquem
    • to charge some one with a letter for some one else: epistulam dare alicui ad aliquem
    • to be in correspondence with..: litteras inter se dare et accipere
    • Rome, January 1st: Kalendis Ianuariis Romā (dabam)
    • to give time for recovery: respirandi spatium dare
    • to pardon some one: alicui veniam dare (alicuius rei)
    • to guarantee the protection of the state; to promise a safe-conduct: fidem publicam dare, interponere (Sall. Iug. 32. 1)
    • to give one's word that..: fidem dare alicui (opp. accipere) (c. Acc. c. Inf.)
    • to rouse a person's suspicions: suspicionem movere, excitare, inicere, dare alicui
    • to deceive a person, throw dust in his eyes: verba dare alicui (Att. 15. 16)
    • to swear an oath to a person: iusiurandum dare alicui
    • to give an oracular response: oraculum dare, edere
    • to give an oracular response: responsum dare (vid. sect. VIII. 5, note Note to answer...), respondere
    • to give some one to drink: alicui bibere dare
    • to devote oneself to a person's society: se dare in consuetudinem alicuius
    • to enter into conversation with some one: se dare in sermonem cum aliquo
    • to give audience to some one: colloquendi copiam facere, dare
    • to give audience to some one: conveniendi aditum dare alicui
    • to give one's right hand to some one: dextram alicui porrigere, dare
    • to give a dowry to one's daughter: dotem filiae dare
    • to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one: filiam alicui in matrimonium dare
    • to give one's daughter in marriage to some-one: filiam alicui nuptum dare
    • to lend, borrow money at interest: pecuniam fenori (fenore) alicui dare, accipere ab aliquo
    • to lend money to some one: pecuniam alicui mutuam dare
    • to present a person with the freedom of the city: civitatem alicui dare, tribuere, impertire
    • to make laws (of a legislator): leges scribere, facere, condere, constituere (not dare)
    • let the consuls take measures for the protection of the state: videant or dent operam consules, ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat (Catil. 1. 2. 4)
    • to give a man audience before the senate: senatum alicui dare (Q. Fr. 2. 11. 2)
    • to produce as a witness: aliquem testem dare, edere, proferre
    • to reproach, blame a person for..: aliquid alicui crimini dare, vitio vertere (Verr. 5. 50)
    • to pardon a person: veniam dare alicui
    • to be (heavily) punished by some one: poenas (graves) dare alicui
    • to put some one in irons, chains: in vincula (custodiam) dare aliquem
    • to enlist oneself: nomen (nomina) dare, profiteri
    • to give furlough, leave of absence to soldiers: commeatum militibus dare (opp. petere)
    • to pay the troops: stipendium dare, numerare, persolvere militibus
    • to give the watchword, countersign: tesseram dare (Liv. 28. 14)
    • to give the signal to engage: signum proelii dare
    • the cavalry covers the retreat: equitatus tutum receptum dat
    • to put the enemy to flight: in fugam dare, conicere hostem
    • to flee, run away: terga vertere or dare
    • to run away from the enemy: terga dare hosti
    • to take to flight: se dare in fugam, fugae
    • to dictate the terms of peace to some one: pacis condiciones dare, dicere alicui (Liv. 29. 12)
    • to give hostages: obsides dare
    • to reduce a people to their former obedience: aliquem ad officium (cf. sect. X. 7, note officium...) reducere (Nep. Dat. 2. 3)
    • to put to sea: vela in altum dare (Liv. 25. 27)
    • to set the sails: vela dare
    • to run before the wind: vento se dare
  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Ligurian

Pronunciation

Contraction

do

  1. (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) Contraction of de o.; of the (masculine singular)

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

Preposition

Template:dsb-prep

  1. to, into
    • 1998, Erwin Hannusch, Niedersorbisch praktisch und verständlich, Bauzten: Domowina, →ISBN Invalid ISBN, p. 30:
      Jana chójźi hyšći do šule, wóna jo wuknica.
      Jana still goes to school; she is a schoolgirl.
    do Chóśebuza ― to Cottbus
    do jsy ― to the village, into the village
    do wognja ― into the fire
    do njebja ― to heaven

Luxembourgish

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *þar.

Adverb

do

  1. there, in that place

Etymology 2

Verb

do

  1. second-person singular imperative of doen

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

Possibly an abbreviation of "do-hūs" ("do house") from Middle Low German dōn.

Noun

do m or n (definite singular doen or doet, indefinite plural doer or do, definite plural doene or doa)

  1. a toilet, or loo (UK)
Synonyms
Derived terms
(deprecated template usage)

Etymology 2

Noun

do m

  1. do (the musical note)

References

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From Old Norse þó.

Adverb

do

  1. anyhow, still, nevertheless

Etymology 2

Possibly an abbreviation of "do-hūs" ("do house") from Middle Low German dōn.

Pronunciation

Noun

do m (definite singular doen, indefinite plural doar, definite plural doane)
do n (definite singular doet, indefinite plural do, definite plural doa)

  1. a toilet, or loo (UK)
Synonyms
Derived terms

For other terms please refer to do (Bokmål) for the time being.

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Noun

do m

  1. do (the musical note)

References

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *tu (“to”).

Pronunciation

Preposition

do (with dative; triggers lenition of a following consonant-initial noun.)

  1. to, for

Inflection

Inflection of do
Person Normal Emphatic
1st person sing. dom, dam domsa, damsa
2d person sing. duit, dait, d(e)it duitsiu, de(i)tsiu, duitso, déitso
3d sing. masc./neut., dative dó(u), dáu dos(s)om
3d sing. masc./neut., accusative
3d sing. fem., dative dí dis(s)i
3d sing. fem., accusative
1st person pl. dún(n) dúnn(a)i
2d person pl. dúib dúibsi
3d person pl., dative do(a)ib, duaib, dóib doïbsom, doaibsem, dóibsem
3d person pl., accusative

Combinations with a definite article:

Combinations with a possessive determiner:

  • dom (“to/for my”)
  • dot (“to/for your sg”)
  • dia (“to/for his/her/their”)

Combinations with a relative pronoun:

  • dia· (“to/for whom/which”)

Alternative forms

Pronoun

do

  1. Alternative spelling of dó

Adverb

do

  1. Alternative spelling of dó

Further reading

Pennsylvania German

Etymology

Compare German da.

Adverb

do

  1. here
    Heit iss en Feierdaag do in Amerikaa.
    Today is a holiday here in America.

Polish

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.

Pronunciation

Preposition

do (+ genitive)

  1. to, towards, into
  2. until
  3. (with deadline) by

Further reading

Portuguese

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese do, from de (“of”) + o (“the”). Akin to Spanish del and French du.

Pronunciation

Contraction

do (plural dos, feminine da, feminine plural das)

  2. (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) Contraction of de o (“pertaining or relating to the”); of the; from the (masculine singular)

Quotations

For quotations using this term, see [[Citations:do#Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language code; the value "{{{1}}}" is not valid. See WT:LOL.|Citations:do]].

See also

  • da (feminine form)
  • dos (plural form)
  • das (feminine plural form)

Saterland Frisian

Pronunciation

(deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA(key): /dʊ/

Article

do pl

  1. the

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology 1

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *tu (“your, thy”).

Pronoun

do

  1. your (informal singular)
    Bha iongantach do ghràdh dhomh. ― Wonderful was thy love for me.
Usage notes
  • Lenites the following word.
  • Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh followed by a vowel it takes the form d'.
    Bidh cuimhn’ agam ort, air d’ anam ghrinn. ― I will remember thee, thy dear soul.

Etymology 2

From Old Irish do, from Proto-Celtic *tu (“to”).

Preposition

do

  1. to
    Bha e a' siubhal do Shasainn an-uiridh. ― He travelled to England last year.
  2. for
    Do dh'ar beatha, dhut, dhèanainn e. ― For our life, for thee, I would do it.
Usage notes
  • Lenites the following word.
  • Before a word beginning with a vowel or fh followed by a vowel it takes the form do dh'.
    Tha sinn a' dol do dh'Ile. ― We are going to Islay.
  • If the definite article in the singular follows, it combines with do into don:
    Fàilte don dùthaich. ― Welcome to the country.
Synonyms
Derived terms
Personal inflection of do
Person: simple emphatic
singular first dhomh dhomhsa
second dhut dhutsa
third m dha dhasan
f dhi dhise
plural first dhuinn dhuinne
second dhuibh dhuibhse
third dhaibh dhaibhsan

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *do, from Proto-Indo-European *de, *do.

Pronunciation

Adverb

dȍ (Cyrillic spelling до̏)

  1. only, except
    ni(t)ko do ja ― nobody but me, only me
    ne jede ništa do komad hljeba/hleba ― he eats nothing except a piece of bread
  2. around, approximately
    do dva metra ― around two meters
    do 5 kila ― around five kilograms
  3. due to, because of
    to je do hrane ― that's due to the food

Preposition

dȍ (Cyrillic spelling до̏) (+ genitive case)

  1. up to, to, as far as, by
    od Zagreba do Beograda ― from Zagreb to Belgrade
    od jutra do mraka ― from morning to night
    od 5 do 10 sati ― from 5 to 10 o'clock
    od vrha do dna ― from top to bottom
    do r(ij)eke ― as far as the river
    sad je pet do sedam ― now it's five minutes to seven
    do poned(j)eljka ― by Monday
    do sada ― so far, thus far, till now
    do nedavna ― until recently
    do dana današnjega ― to this very day
    sve do ― as far as up to, all the way to
    do kuda ― how far
    do tuda ― thus far, up to here
  2. before (= prȉje/prȅ)
    do rata ― before the war
  3. beside, next (to)
    s(j)edi do mene ― sit next to me
    jedan do drugoga ― side by side
  4. (by extension, idiomatic and figurative meanings) up to one; interested in; feel like
    nije mi do toga ― I don't feel like doing that
    nije mi do sm(ij)eha ― I don't feel like laughing
    njemu je samo do seksa ― he is only interested in sex
    nije mi puno stalo do toga ― I'm not very much interested in that
    nije do mene ― it's not up to me, it's no me to lame

Etymology 2

From Proto-Slavic *dolъ.

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

Noun

dȏ m (Cyrillic spelling до̑)

  1. (regional, Bosnia, Serbia) dale, small valley
Declension
Declension of do
singular plural
nominative dȏ dòlovi/dȏli
genitive dȍla dolova/dola
dative dolu dolovima/dolima
accusative do dolove/dole
vocative dole dolovi/doli
locative dolu dolovima/dolima
instrumental dolom dolovima/dolima
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Italian do.

Pronunciation

Noun

dȏ m (Cyrillic spelling до̑) (indeclinable)

  1. (music) do

References

  • “do”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
  • “do”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025
  • “do”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

Slovak

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

Preposition

Template:sk-prep

  1. into, in, to, until

Further reading

Slovene

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *do.

Pronunciation

Preposition

do

  1. (with genitive) by (some time before the given time)
  2. (with genitive) till

Spanish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Italian do.

Noun

do m (plural dos)

  1. do (musical note)
  2. C (the musical note or key)

See also

Etymology 2

From contraction of preposition de (“of, from”) + adverb o (“in where”)

Adverb

do

  1. where

Pronoun

do

  1. where
Derived terms

Taworta

Noun

do

  1. fire

Further reading

Bill Palmer, The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area (→ISBN, 2017), page 531, table 95, Comparative basic vocabulary in Lakes Plain Languages

Turkish

Noun

do

  1. C, the musical note

Venetian

Verb

do

  1. first-person singular present indicative of dar - I give

Vietnamese

Etymology

Sino-Vietnamese word from 由.

Pronunciation

Preposition

do

  1. (neutral passive voice marker) by
    Hầu hết các mô hình dưỡng lão đều do nhà nước bảo trợ, […]
    Most of the aged care models are sponsored by the state, […]
  2. because of; due to

Volapük

Conjunction

do

  1. though, although, even though

Welsh

Etymology 1

Adverb

do

  1. yes
  2. indeed

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

Verb

do

  1. (colloquial) first-person singular future of dod

Mutation

Mutated forms of do
radical soft nasal aspirate
do ddo no unchanged

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Etymology 3

Noun

do

  1. (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) Soft mutation of to.

Mutation

Mutated forms of to
radical soft nasal aspirate
to do nho tho

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

West Frisian

Etymology 1

From Old Frisian thū, from Proto-Germanic *þū, from Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /doː/
  • Lua error in Module:parameters at line 573: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "unstressed" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /də/

Pronoun

do

  1. (Clay) you; informal second-person singular pronoun
    Ik hâld fan dy.
    I love you.
Inflection
West Frisian personal pronouns
Number Person Nominative Objective Possessive
Normal Reflexive Determiner Pronoun
Singular First ik my mysels myn mines
Second Informal do/dû1 dy dysels dyn dines
Formal jo jo josels jo jowes
Third Masculine hy him himsels syn sines
Feminine sy/hja1 har harsels har harres
Neuter it it himsels syn sines
Plural First wy ús ússels ús uzes
Second jim(me) jim(me) jimsels/jinsels jim(me) jimmes
Third sy/hja1 har(ren) harsels har(ren) harres
1. Now mostly archaic and unused
Alternative forms
Further reading
  • “do (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Etymology 2

From Old Frisian *dūve, from Proto-Germanic *dūbǭ.

Pronunciation

Noun

do c (plural dowen, diminutive doke)

  1. pigeon, dove
Further reading
  • “do (II)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Italian do.

Pronunciation

Noun

do c (plural do's)

  1. do (musical note)
Further reading
  • “do (IV)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

Zazaki

Etymology

Related to Persian دوغ (duğ) and Tajik дуғ (duġ).

Noun

do

  1. airan
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=do&oldid=53835585"