Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/sẹ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Comparable to Proto-Tungusic *si (“you”) and maybe Proto-Mongolic *či (“you”). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

The Common Turkic form *sen is a result of back formation from the oblique stem *sẹn- with the pronominal-n, compare *bẹ.

Pronoun

*sẹ

1. thou; you

Declension

Declension of *sẹ (pronominal-n declension)

	Singular
Nominative	*sẹ
Accusative	*sẹni
Genitive	*sẹniŋ
Dative	*saŋa
Locative	*sẹnte
Ablative	*sẹnten
Allative 1)	*saŋaru
Instrumental 1)	*sẹnin
Equative 1)	*sẹnče
Similative 1)	*sẹnleyü
Comitative 1)	*sẹnligü

1) The original allative, instrumental, equative, similative & comitative cases have fallen into disuse in many modern Turkic languages.

Postposition

*sẹ

1. Denotes "to be" for second person singular/plural when at the end of an object; are
2. Denotes second person singular or plural after various tenses

Related terms

• *siŕ (“you”)

Descendants

• Oghur
  • Chuvash: эсӗ (es̬ĕ)
• Common Turkic
  • Karakhanid: سَنْ (sen)
  • Old Turkic
    • Old Turkic: 𐰾𐰤 (sen)
    • Old Uyghur: sʾn (sen)
  • Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (sen)
  • Arghu
    • Khalaj: sən
  • Oghuz
    • Azerbaijani: sən
    • Gagauz: sän
    • Ottoman Turkish: سن (sen), سین (-sin)
      • Turkish: sen, -sin
    • Salar: [script needed] (sēn)
    • Turkmen: sen
  • Kipchak
    • Kipchak: [script needed] (sen)
    • Mamluk-Kipchak: [Arabic needed] (sen)
    • West Kipchak
      • Crimean Tatar: sen
      • Karachay-Balkar: сен (sen)
      • Kumyk: сен (sen)
    • North Kipchak
      • Bashkir: һин (hin)
      • Tatar: син (sin)
    • South Kipchak
      • Caspian
        • Kazakh: сен (sen)
        • Karakalpak: сен
        • Nogai: сен (sen)
      • Kyrgyz-Kipchak
        • Kyrgyz: сен (sen)
        • Southern Altai: сен (sen)
  • Karluk
    • Chagatai: سن (sän)
      • Uzbek: sen
      • Uyghur: سەن (sen)
  • Siberian
    • North Siberian
      • Dolgan: эн (en)
      • Yakut: эн (en)
    • South Siberian
      • Western Yugur: [script needed] (sen)
      • Yenisei Turkic
        • Khakas: син (sin)
        • Shor: сен (sen)
      • Sayan Turkic
        • Tofa: сен (sen)
        • Tuvan: сен (sen)

References

• Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*si”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
• Clauson, Gerard (1972) “sen”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 831