Taimakon Shari'a

Taimakon Shari'a
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Taimakon shari'a, shine bayar da taimako ga mutanen da ba su da Iƙon samun wakilcin doka da samun damar shiga tsarin kotu. Ana kallon taimakon shari'a a matsayin jigon samar da damar yin adalci ta hanyar tabbatar da daidaito a gaban doka, 'yancin bayar da shawara da, 'yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya. Wannan labarin ya bayyana ci gaban taimakon shari'a da ka'idodinsa, da farko kamar yadda aka sani a Turai, Commonwealth of Nations da kuma a Amurka.

Taimakon shari'a yana da mahimmanci don tabbatar da daidaiton samun adalci ga kowa, kamar yadda sashi na 6.3 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta tanada game da shari'ar laifuka. Musamman ga ƴan ƙasa waɗanda ba su da isassun hanyoyin kuɗi, ba da tallafin doka ga abokan ciniki da gwamnatoci ke ƙara yuwuwa, a cikin shari'ar.

Yawancin nau'ikan isarwa don taimakon doka sun fito, gami da lauyoyi masu aiki, asibitocin shari'a na al'umma, da biyan lauyoyi don tunkarar shari'o'i ga mutanen da suka cancanci taimakon shari'a. Hakanan za'a iya bayar da ƙarin nasiha da shawarwari na doka na yau da kullun ko na gaba ɗaya kyauta ko a farashi mai rahusa ta hanyoyin kamar cibiyoyin doka (Birtaniya), cibiyoyin shari'a na al'umma (Ostiraliya) ko wasu ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da nau'ikan taimakon doka a ciki da waje. na kotu.

Tarihi

Taimakon shari'a yana da alaƙa da ƙasan jindaɗi, kuma ba da taimakon shari'a ta wata jiha yana da tasiri akan halayen walwala. Taimakon shari'a wani tanadi ne na jindadi da gwamnati ke yi ga mutanen da ba za su iya ba da shawara daga tsarin shari'a ba. Taimakon shari'a yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da tanadin jin daɗi ta hanyar samar wa mutanen da ke da haƙƙin samar da jin daɗi, kamar gidajen jama'a, samun shawarwarin doka da kuma kotuna.^[1]

A tarihi, taimakon shari'a ya taka rawa sosai wajen tabbatar da mutunta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tsaro na zamantakewa, gidaje, kula da zamantakewa, samar da sabis na kiwon lafiya da ilimi, waɗanda za a iya ba da su a bainar jama'a ko a ɓoye, da kuma dokar aiki da dokar hana wariya. Masana shari'a irin su Mauro Cappelletti suna jayayya cewa taimakon shari'a yana da mahimmanci wajen samarwa mutane damar samun adalci, ta hanyar ba da damar tilasta wa kowane mutum tilasta doka ta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu . Ra'ayinsa ya ci gaba a cikin rabin na biyu na ƙarni na 20, lokacin da dimokiradiyya tare da tattalin arzikin jari-hujja suka kafa jihohi masu sassaucin ra'ayi waɗanda suka mayar da hankali ga mutum. Jihohi sun yi aiki a matsayin 'yan kwangila da masu ba da sabis a cikin falsafar tushen kasuwa wacce ta jaddada ɗan ƙasa a matsayin mabukaci . Wannan ya haifar da mai da hankali kan aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane don cimma haƙƙin kowa.^[2]

Kafin tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, wallafe-wallafe kan taimakon shari'a sun jaddada aiwatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu tare . Kamar yadda aka gina jihohin jindaɗi na gargajiya a cikin shekara ta 1940s da kuma bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ƙa'idar da ke ƙunshe da ita ita ce 'yan ƙasa suna da alhakin gama kai na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu; kuma jihar ta dauki alhakin wadanda ba za su iya ciyar da kansu ta hanyar rashin lafiya da rashin aikin yi ba. Aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu dole ne a haɗa kai, ta hanyar manufofi maimakon matakin shari'a na mutum ɗaya. An kafa dokoki don tallafawa tanadin jin daɗi, koda yake ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin dokoki na masu tsarawa, ba lauyoyi ba.^[3]

A cikin 1950s da 1960s, aikin jindadin jama'a ya canza, kuma ba a ɗauka cewa burin zamantakewar jama'a shine burin gama-gari. Mutane suna da 'yanci don cimma burinsu. Ƙasar jindaɗi a wannan lokacin ta faɗaɗa, tare da tanadin taimakon doka, yayin da damuwa ta bayyana kan ƙarfin masu ba da jin daɗi da ƙwararru. A cikin shekara ta 1960s da 1970s, buƙatu ya tashi na haƙƙin daidaikun mutane don aiwatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu bisa doka da tanadin jindadin da suka dace da su. Hanyoyi sun bayyana ta hanyar da 'yan ƙasa za su iya tilasta musu haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu bisa doka, kuma lauyoyin jin daɗi sun yi amfani da taimakon shari'a don ba da shawara ga masu karamin karfi lokacin da suke mu'amala da jami'an jihohi. An ba da taimakon shari'a daga dokar iyali zuwa nau'ikan haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. ^[4]

A cikin shekara ta 1980s, ba a sake ganin rawar da jihar jindadin ta ke takawa a matsayin mai inganci ba, kuma ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ƙara samar da jin daɗi. Ana ƙara ba da taimakon shari'a ta hanyar masu zaman kansu, amma sun ci gaba da mayar da hankali kan ba da taimako a shari'ar kotu. An ƙara ɗaukar 'yan ƙasa a matsayin masu amfani, waɗanda yakamata su iya zaɓar tsakanin sabis. Inda ba zai yiwu a samar da irin wannan zaɓin ba, an bai wa 'yan ƙasa 'yancin bayyana rashin jin daɗinsu ta hanyar tsarin korafe-korafen gudanarwa. Wannan ya haifar da tashin hankali, saboda ba a tsara taimakon shari'a don ba da shawara ga waɗanda ke neman gyara ta hanyoyin tafiyar da korafe-korafe ba. Har ila yau, tashin hankali ya fara bayyana a matsayin jihohin da suka jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun mutane na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, maimakon aiwatar da aiki tare ta hanyar manufofi, rage kuɗin tallafin doka a matsayin tanadin jihar jindaɗi. Aiwatar da ɗaiɗaikun jama'a na haƙƙin jin daɗi na buƙatar nau'in tallafin doka na jihohin da ke jaddada tilasta aiwatar da ayyukan gama gari. ^[5]

Ƙungiyoyin taimakon shari'a

Taimakon shari'a a tarihi ya samo asali ne daga ' yancin ba da shawara da 'yancin gudanar da shari'a ta gaskiya na kasashen nahiyar Turai na karni na 19. " Dokokin talaka " sun yi watsi da kudaden kotu ga talakawa tare da nada lauyoyi ga wadanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin lauya ba . Da farko abin da ake tsammani shi ne cewa lauyoyin da ke aiki za su yi aiki bisa ga fa'ida. A farkon ƙarni na 20, yawancin ƙasashen Turai ba su da hanyar da za ta bi don ba da agajin shari'a, kuma talakawa sun dogara ga taimakon lauyoyi. Yawancin ƙasashe sun ci gaba da kafa dokoki waɗanda suka tanadi biyan matsakaicin kuɗi ga lauyoyin aiki. Don hana buƙatar, taimakon shari'a an iyakance shi ga farashin lauyoyi a cikin shari'ar da ake buƙatar lauya. Ƙasashe da ke da tsarin shari'a na dokar farar hula da tsarin shari'a na gama gari suna ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban ga ' yancin ba da shawara a cikin shari'ar farar hula da na laifuka . Ƙasashen dokokin farar hula sun fi jaddada yancin yin shawara a cikin shari'ar jama'a, don haka ba da taimakon shari'a inda ake buƙatar lauya. Ƙasashen dokokin gama gari sun jaddada yancin yin shawara da ba da agajin shari'a musamman dangane da shari'ar laifuka. ^[6]

Dangane da saurin haɓaka masana'antu a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 na Turai, ƙungiyar kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun fito waɗanda suka ƙalubalanci manufofin zamantakewa na gwamnatoci. Sun sami ra'ayi na doka don baiwa ma'aikata haƙƙin doka a cikin yanayin rashin lafiya ko haɗari, a ƙoƙarin hana ayyukan masana'antu daga ma'aikatan masana'antu. Ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata sun fara ba wa ma'aikata shawarwarin doka game da sababbin haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu . Bukatar waɗannan ayyuka ya yi yawa kuma a ƙoƙarin samarwa ma'aikata shawarwarin da ba na bangaranci ba, gwamnatoci da yawa sun fara ba da taimakon doka tun farkon ƙarni na 20. ^[6]

Kwanan nan

A cikin ƙarni na 20, taimakon doka ya haɓaka tare da ƙa'idodin ci gaba; sau da yawa ana samun goyon bayan waɗancan ma’aikatan lauyoyi waɗanda suke ganin alhakinsu ne su kula da waɗanda ba su da kuɗi. Taimakon shari'a ya zama abin da lauyoyi za su iya bayarwa don biyan "bukatun shari'a" na waɗanda suka gano a matsayin matalauta, wariya. A cewar Francis Regan a cikin 1999, ba da agajin doka yana haifar da wadata, ba buƙatu ba ne, yana haifar da faffadan gibi tsakanin tanadin da ya dace da buƙatu da kuma ainihin buƙata. Shirye-shiryen sabis na doka, kamar sasanci na unguwanni da sabis na doka, akai-akai suna rufewa saboda rashin buƙata, yayin da wasu ke cika da abokan ciniki. ^[6]

Ta ƙasa

Asiya

Yawancin ayyukan taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ana ba da su ta ƙungiyoyin asali, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare haƙƙin ɗan adam (NGOs), ko kuma wasu gwamnatocin Asiya sun tsara su bisa dokokin tsarin mulki.

Hong Kong

Hukunce-hukuncen yanki, Hong Kong yana ba da taimakon doka ta hanyar Sashen Ba da Agaji na Shari'a, wanda Majalisar Sabis na Ba da Agajin Shari'a ke kula da ita.

A Gudanarwa Sashen Ba da Agajin Shari'a yana ƙarƙashin sashin gudanarwa na Ofishin Babban Sakatare . A cikin shekara ta 2007 an koma da shi zuwa Ofishin Harkokin Cikin Gida, wanda ke kula da al'amuran al'adu da gudanarwa na gida. Wannan dai ya sha suka sosai daga sansanin masu rajin kare dimokuradiyyar 'yan adawa saboda yin illa ga tsaka-tsaki na samar da agajin doka. Sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da duk ƙunshi sake tsara ofisoshin tsare-tsare, wanda canjin Sashen Taimakon Shari'a ya kasance ɓangare kamar haka:

Indiya

Mataki na ashirin da 39A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, ya tanadi adalci dai-dai da taimakon doka kyauta kamar haka:

Gwamnati za ta tabbatar da cewa gudanar da tsarin shari'a yana inganta adalci, bisa ga dama iri ɗaya, kuma za ta ba da taimakon shari'a kyauta, ta hanyar doka ko tsare-tsare ko ta kowace hanya, don tabbatar da adalci. ba a hana kowane ɗan ƙasa ta dalilin tattalin arziƙi ko nakasa.

Wannan labarin ya jaddada cewa sabis na shari'a abu ne da ba za a iya raba shi ba na 'ma'ana, adalci da adalci', domin idan ba tare da shi ba za a hana mutumin da ke fama da nakasa tattalin arziki ko wasu nakasu damar samun adalci. A cikin farar hula, Order XXXIII. R.18 na Code of Civil Procedure 1908 da sharadin cewa jihohi da gwamnatocin tsakiya na iya yin ƙarin tanadi kamar yadda suke ganin ya dace don ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga waɗanda aka ba su izinin kai ƙara a matsayin matalauta. Dokar Hukumomin Ayyukan Shari'a,^[7]^[8]^[9]

Philippines

Taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ko taimakon shari'a na ci gaba, kamar yadda ake kira shi sau da yawa a cikin Philippines, ya yi nisa tun lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Marcos . A lokacin dokar soja, uban kare hakkin dan Adam Sen. An aika Jose W. Diokno gidan yari sa’ad da Ferdinand Marcos ya kama duk ’yan adawar siyasa. Da zarar an saki Diokno kwanaki 718 bayan haka, lauya kuma tsohon dan majalisar dattawa ya kafa kungiyar Taimakon Shari'a ta Kyauta, mafi tsufa kuma mafi girma ga kare Haƙƙin dan adam tun 1974. Ta hanyar sabbin hanyoyin amfani da FLAG na taimakon shari'a na ci gaba, wanda ya haɗa da sabis na shari'a na bono da kuma ba da alawus kyauta ga abokan cinikin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi, sabis na shari'a na kyauta ya zama daidaitaccen aiki a ƙasar. Daga baya, an bullo da dokokin da za su buƙaci sabbin lauyoyi masu lasisi su ba da sabis na shari'a kyauta ga matalauta na ƙayyadaddun lokaci da ƙayyadaddun lokaci. Shahararriyar doka akan taimakon shari'a na ci gaba ana kiranta Dokar Sabis na Taimakon Shari'a (CLAS). Dokar CLAS ta shafi lauyoyin da ke cikin shekarar farko ta aikinsu. Yawancin ayyukan shari'a na ci gaba ana ba da su ta yawancin kamfanonin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai a Philippines.

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A cikin shekara ta 2020, Duterte ya ƙirƙiro wata sabuwar doka da ake kira Dokar Yaƙi da Ta'addanci, wacce za ta kama duk wani mai adawa saboda rashin ma'anoni a cikin dokar kan wanda za a iya yiwa alama "'yan ta'adda". Hakan ya tunzura jama'a da kuma shugaban FLAG Atty. Jose Manuel "Chel" Diokno . FLAG, tare da takwarorinsu ƴan jarida, ƴan jahohi, da ƴan siyasa da ake tsare da su sun mayar da martani tare da fitar da ƙalubalen doka mai lamba GR No. 252741 akan Sakataren Zartarwa na Duterte Salvador Medialdea bisa dalilai da ma'anar dokar. Daga cikin tanade-tanaden da ake tantamawa har da sashe na 29 na tsarewa ba tare da sammacin kama shi ba, inda za a iya kama wanda ake tuhuma ko da ba tare da sammacin kama shi ba kuma a tsare shi har na tsawon kwanaki.^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Turai

Mataki na 47 na kundin dokokin Tarayyar Turai ya tanadi cewa za a ba da agajin shari'a ga wadanda ba su da isassun kayan aiki, muddin irin wannan taimako ya zama dole don tabbatar da samun adalci.

Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai, da kuma Rasha

A cewar PILnet: Cibiyar Sadarwar Duniya don Dokar Sha'awar Jama'a, tana da Wasu abubuwa kamar haka:

Sama da shekaru goma ƙasashen tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai da kuma Rasha ke ci gaba da yin garambawul da sake fasalin tsarinsu na doka . Yayin da aka gudanar da sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a fannin shari'a a ko'ina cikin yankin, hanyoyin da za a tabbatar da samun damar yin amfani da bayanan shari'a da taimako galibi ba su da inganci kuma ba su da inganci. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa—musamman waɗanda matalauta ne ko kuma waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi—an bar su ba tare da samun ainihin lauyoyin ba a cikin al’amuran da suka shafi laifuffuka da waɗanda ba na laifi ba.

A cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, mutanen da suka cancanta (yawanci waɗanda ke nuna rashin isashen kuɗi) na iya neman kotuna ko Ƙungiyar lauyoyin Czech don a naɗa musu lauya.

Denmark

A Denmark, masu nema dole ne su cika waɗannan sharuɗɗa don karɓar taimakon doka don shari'ar jama'a: Mai nema ba zai sami fiye da kr. ba. 289,000 ($ 50,000) a shekara kuma da'awar jam'iyyar dole ne ya zama dai-dai. Game da shari'o'in laifuka, wanda aka yanke wa hukuncin.^[14]

Jamus

A cikin shari'o'in jama'a da suka haɗa da aiki, gudanarwa, tsarin mulki da shari'o'in zamantakewa, ana ba da taimako a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsarin Ba da Shawara ta Shari'a (a cikin hanyar shawara kuma, inda ya cancanta, wakilci). A cikin shari'o'in da ake tuhuma, wanda ake tuhuma yana da haƙƙin ya ba da shawara, kuma a wasu lokuta idan hukuncin ya kai akalla shekara guda na tsare, ana iya ba wanda ake tuhuma shawara ko da ba ya so ba.^[15]^[16]

Italiya

Wanda aka sani da Patrocinio a spese dello Stato, ana ba da taimakon doka ta Dokar Italiyanci DPR n. 115/2002 - Labarai. 74-141. An yi niyya don aiwatar da Mataki na ashirin da 24 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Italiya da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga haƙƙin tsaro (a cikin shari'o'in farar hula, gudanarwa da na laifuka) ga mutanen da ba za su iya samun sabis na lauya da kansu ba saboda rashin iya biyan su daga gare su. kudin shiga (ƙasa da €10,776.33 ga kowane mutum).^[17]

Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Italiya, Sashe na 24 ya ce Abubuwa kamar haka:

ɗaukarkowa damar daukar matakin shari'a don kare hakkinta da halalcin bukatunsa. Tsaro hakki ne da ba za a tauye shi ba a kowane mataki na shari'ar. Hanyoyin aiki da tsaro a gaban dukkan Kotuna suna da garantin ga marasa galihu ta cibiyoyin gwamnati. Doka ta ƙayyade sharuɗɗa da hanyoyin shari'a don magance rashin adalci.

Taimakon shari'a a Italiya sabis ne don ba da izini ga kowa ya taimaka wa lauya ko kuma mashaidi ƙwararre ba tare da kowane kuɗaɗen doka ko farashi ba a cikin duk wani laifi, farar hula, gudanarwa, lissafin kuɗi ko aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi da kuma "hukuncin son rai" kuma a duk lokacin da kasancewar doka ta buƙaci lauya ko ƙwararren shaida. Ana ba da taimakon shari'a ga duk maki ko matakan gwaji, gami da duk wasu abubuwan da suka faru na haɗari da na ɗan lokaci. Ana ba da ita a gaban Kotuna, Kotunan ɗaukaka kara, Kotun Koli, kotunan sa ido da alkalai, Kotunan Gudanarwa na Yanki, Kwamitocin Bitar Shari'a, Hukumomin Kuɗi na Lardi da Yanki da Kotun Audit na Jiha.

Ƙasar Ingila

Ingila da Wales

Dokar Taimakon Shari'a da Shawara ta 1949 ta samo asali ne ta hanyar taimakon doka. A cikin shekara ta 2009, taimakon shari'a a Ingila da Wales sun kashe mai biyan haraji £ 2bn a shekara - wanda ya fi kowane mutum kashewa fiye da ko'ina a duniya - kuma yana samuwa ga kusan kashi 29% na manya. Koyaya, samuwa da matakin samar da taimakon shari'a ya ragu sosai tun 2012 sakamakon matakan tsuke bakin aljihu a cikin Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 .

Hukumar Bayar da Agaji ta Legal (har zuwa 31 ga Maris na shekara ta 2013 ta Hukumar Sabis ta Shari'a ) tana ba da taimakon shari'a a Ingila da Wales, kuma ana samunta don yawancin shari'o'in laifuka, da nau'ikan shari'o'in farar hula. Keɓancewa sun haɗa da cin zarafi, mafi yawan shari'o'in rauni na mutum (waɗanda ake magance su a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Kuɗaɗen Sharadi, nau'in kuɗin da ake buƙata ), da shari'o'in kamfanoni. Har ila yau, wasu lokuta ana rufe shari'ar iyali. Dangane da nau'in shari'ar, taimakon shari'a na iya ko a'a yana nufin gwadawa kuma a wasu lokuta taimakon shari'a na iya zama 'yanci ga waɗanda ke da fa'idodi, marasa aiki kuma ba su da tanadi ko kadara.

Gaba ɗaya ana ba da taimakon shari'a ta hanyar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu na lauyoyi a cikin ayyukan sirri. Ƙayyadadden adadin masu kare jama'a ana ɗaukar su kai tsaye ta Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Shari'a a ofisoshin Sabis na Tsaron Jama'a ; suna ba da shawarwari a ofisoshin 'yan sanda da bayar da shawarwari a majistare da kotunan rawani. Ana ba da taimakon taimakon shari'a ta hanyar lauyoyi a cikin aiki na sirri amma kuma ta lauyoyin da ke aiki a Cibiyoyin Shari'a da hukumomin shawarwari masu zaman kansu.

LASPO

Bayar da taimakon shari'a yana ƙarƙashin Dokar Samun Shari'a ta 1999 da ƙarin dokoki, kwanan nan Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 (LASPO), wacce ta fara aiki a cikin shekara ta 2013. LASPO ta haifar da raguwar kashi 46 cikin 100 na adadin shari'o'in da aka ba da taimakon shari'a, daga 925,000 a shekara ta 2012 zuwa shekara ta 497,000 kawai a cikin shekara mai zuwa. Dokar Taimakon Shari'a, Hukunci da Hukuncin Masu Laifin 2012 (LASPO) ta dakatar da taimako ga wuraren doka da suka haɗa da iyali, jin daɗi, gidaje da bashi. Akwai ƙorafe-ƙorafen da ke cewa rage tallafin lauyoyi daga LASPO ya hana talakawa samun adalci.

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LASPO ta kuma yi tasiri a kan masu ba da agajin doka, waɗanda suka ce suna "damuwa da... irin wannan zurfin yanke hukunci" ga taimakon doka. Akwai masu ba da agaji 37 da suka ruguje tun Afrilu 2020, wanda ya fi ofisoshi 70. Wannan ya sa lauyoyin da ke ba da agajin shari'a jin cewa aikinsu ya "gure" saboda asarar aiki. Misali, a cikin Exeter yanzu babu masu ba da agajin doka don ƙaura ko mafaka, tare da mai ba da mafi kusa shine 37.6 miles (60.5 km) nesa ( Plymouth ) daga tsakiyar gari. An bayyana cewa waɗannan masu samarwa suna karɓar matsakaicin matsakaiciyar kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 27,000, wanda bai kai albashin farawa ga manajan da ya kammala karatun digiri a Aldi ba. Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta yi imanin cewa ya kamata a sanya wannan matakin na albashi mafi kyau. Yayin da lauyoyin da ke ba da tallafin shari'a suna samun tallafi daga hukumar ba da agajin shari'a, wani lokaci yana iya ɗaukar shekaru kafin biyan su. Wannan shi ne saboda matsalolin tsabar kuɗi tare da hukumar ba da agaji ta doka, wani abu da Ƙungiyar n Ƙwararwa na Ƙarfafawa suna ɗauka don jagoranci da bayani daga.

Scotland

Tsarin ba da agajin doka a New Zealand yana ba da tallafin shari'a da Gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗanda ba su da ikon mallakar lauya. Ana samun taimakon shari'a don kusan duk ayyukan kotu a duk matakan tsarin kotu. Wannan ya haɗa da tuhume-tuhumen laifuffuka, batutuwan jama'a, rigingimun iyali, ƙararraki da iƙirarin Kotun Kolin Waitangi .

Ana gwada taimakon shari'a. A aikace yana samuwa ga ƙasa da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yawan jama'a. Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Scotland ce ke gudanar da ita. Hakanan ana samun Taimakon Shari'a a Scotland a cikin Laifukan Laifuka, inda sama da 90% na aikace-aikacen Takaitawa ake ba da su. Ana amfani da jarrabawar Interests of Justice, da kuma gwajin ma'ana. A cikin shari'a mai tsanani (Jury Trials) Kotu tana tantance Taimakon Shari'a.

Afirka

Afirka ta Kudu

Afirka ta Kudu ƙasa ce da ta sake gina tsarinta na shari'a a wani yunƙuri na yin koyi da ƙasashen yammacin turai, tare da samar da tsarin adalci da adalci.

Afirka ta Kudu tana da tsarin shari'a na ƙasa da kuma, a wasu yankuna, tsarin gudanar da shari'a na kabilanci. Ana bayyana wannan a matsayin " jam'i na shari'a ". “Dokokin cikin gida” na yau da kullun sun sha bamban sosai da sauran dokoki da al'adun ƙasar, suna hana ba da shawarar doka. Koyaya, tsarin shari'a na 'yan asalin Afirka ta Kudu baya buƙatar wakilci, don haka da gaske yana kawar da buƙatar taimakon doka.

A kwaikwayi tsarin shari'a na Burtaniya, Afirka ta Kudu tana da lauyoyi, wadanda ke aiki a manyan kotuna, da lauyoyi, waɗanda ke ba da shawarwari ba tare da kotu ba kuma suna aiki a ƙananan kotuna.

A shekara ta 1969 gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da bukatar taimakon shari'a, kuma ta mayar da martani ta hanyar samar da hukumar ba da agajin shari'a ta Afirka ta Kudu wacce ta fara aikinta a shekarar 1971 kuma a yanzu tana ba da mafi yawan taimakon shari'a a duk faɗin kasar. Hukumar tana da 'yancin kai kuma tana da 'yancin kai daga gwamnati wajen yanke shawara, kuma tana da hurumin yanke shawarar ba da taimakon doka. Hukumar tana ba da taimakon shari'a ga duk "masu cancanta" masu samun kudin shiga na R600.00 ko ƙasa da haka. Idan mutane ba su cika wannan cancantar ba ana ba su wasu hanyoyin samun lauya, kamar ɗaukar ɗaya ko, idan wannan bai dace da su ba, nemo wanda zai yi aiki pro bono . ^[18]

A wani misali na tarihin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu, kusan kashi 85% na dukkan lauyoyi a Afirka ta Kudu farar fata ne. Gwamnati ta yanke shawarar cewa bambancin launin fata a fannin shari'a shine fifiko kuma akwai "cibiyoyin kula da lafiya" masu balaguro don taimakawa wajen samar da ilimi a kan dokokin Afirka ta Kudu a duk fadin kasar, da nufin yada ilimi a duk faɗin mai yiwuwa, ko da yake musamman a yankunan da ke fama da talauci^[19]^[20]^[18]^[20]^[18]^[20]^[21]^[22]

Fiye da kashi 80% na kuɗaɗen Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ana ba da umarni ne ga samar da masu ba da kariya a cikin lamuran aikata laifuka. An bayyana wannan gabaɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin sakamakon dalilai guda biyu: galibin laifukan da matalauta ke aikatawa, da kuma samar da tsaro a cikin laifukan da ke zama fifiko idan aka kwatanta da ƙararrakin farar hula. Kafin aiwatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1994, kashi 80% na duk mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙari a matsayin masu aikata laifuka ba su da wakilci, saboda babu haƙƙin tsaro kuma babu wani wajibci ga gwamnati na samar da wannan kariya. Bayan amincewa da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1994, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta wajaba a samar da kungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Ba da Agaji ta Legal don taimakawa wajen samun damar samun taimakon doka.

Ga waɗanda ke neman taimako kuma suna sane da rawar da suke takawa a cikin tsarin shari'a, ana samun taimakon doka a Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar abubuwa kamar haka:

Mai ba da shawara mai zaman kansa wanda ba a biya shi ba ( pro bono work)
Lauyoyin 'yan takara a kamfanonin lauyoyi na karkara da gwamnati ke ba da tallafi
Lauyan mai zaman kansa wanda gwamnati (ma'aikatar shari'a) ke ba da tallafi
Dakunan shan magani na jami'a masu zaman kansu
Dakunan shan magani na jiha
Cibiyoyin adalci na jiha (cibiyoyin bayar da agajin shari’a)
ƙwararrun kamfanoni na doka
Ofisoshin shawarwari na Paralegal
Tsarin inshora na doka

Duk waɗannan ayyukan suna wanzu kuma ana kiyaye su ta hanyar tallafi da ƙarfafawa. Duk da haka, waɗannan ayyuka sun kasance a buɗe ga zargi, wasu na cewa waɗannan ayyuka masu yawa da suka bambanta da Afirka ta Kudu ba su da mahimmanci idan babu isasshen ilimi da waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan suna samuwa ga mutane. Dangane da mayar da martani, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta karfafawa makarantun shari'a na Afirka ta Kudu kwarin gwiwar fadada isarsu tare da kafa "dakunan shan magani" masu balaguro da karfafawa makarantu gwiwa da su kara " manhajar karatu ta doka" don yaɗa ilimin wannan fanni.

Amirka ta Arewa

Kanada

A Kanada, tsarin taimakon shari'a na zamani ya samo asali ne bayan da gwamnatin tarayya ta kafa tsarin raba farashi tsakanin gwamnatocin tarayya da na larduna a farkon shekara ta 1970. An saita gudunmawar kuɗin tarayya a asali a kashi 50% na farashin tsarin ba da agajin doka, amma matakin kuɗin ya canza a cikin shekaru.

Ainihin isar da taimakon shari'a na matakin gwamnati na lardi ne, a matsayin wani yanki na hukumcin lardi kan gudanar da shari'a. Misali, Legal Aid Ontario yana ba da sabis na shari'a ga mazauna Ontario, Legal Services Society yana ba da shi ga mazaunan British Columbia,

Amurka

Taimakon shari'a a cikin shari'o'in aikata laifuka haƙƙi ne na duniya wanda Kwaskwarima na Shida ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ya lamunce. Yawancin samfuran isarwa don taimakon doka sun fito a cikin Amurka. An ba Hukumar Ayyukan Shari'a izini a matakin tarayya don kulawa da waɗannan shirye-shiryen. A cikin tsarin "lauyoyin ma'aikata", lauyoyi suna aiki da matakan gwamnati akan albashi kawai don ba da taimakon shari'a ga abokan ciniki masu ƙaramin karfi, kama da likitocin ma'aikata a asibitin gwamnati. A cikin tsarin "judicare", ana biyan lauyoyi masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin lauyoyi don kula da shari'o'i daga abokan cinikin da suka cancanta tare da shari'o'in abokan ciniki masu biyan kuɗi, kamar yadda ake biyan likitoci don kula da marasa lafiya na Medicare a ƙasar Amurka Tsarin " asibitin shari'a na al'umma " model. ya ƙunshi ɗakunan shan magani masu zaman kansu da ke yiwa wata al'umma hidima ta hanyar hidimomin shari'a da yawa (misali wakilci, ilimi, sake fasalin doka) da lauyoyi da waɗanda ba lauyoyi ba ne suka bayar, kama da asibitocin kiwon lafiya na al'umma.

Waɗanda ake tuhumar da ake tuhuma a ƙarƙashin laifuffukan da ba za su iya ba da damar ɗaukar lauya ba kawai an ba su tabbacin taimakon shari'a da ke da alaƙa da tuhume-tuhumen, amma an ba su tabbacin wakilci na shari'a, ko dai ta hanyar masu kare jama'a, ko kuma in babu tanadi na irin wannan ko kuma saboda yawan lokuta. lauyan da kotu ta nada .

Tattaunawar da ta shafi taimakon shari'a da kuma wanda ke da gata a irin wannan sabis ɗin ya sha suka daga masana ilimin shari'a waɗanda ke tabbatar da cewa waɗanda ke mamaye da kuma rubuta labaran mutanen da ke neman taimakon shari'a mutane ne da ke cin gajiyar labarin abokin ciniki na kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin talauci da rashin tabbas. na mutum. Sharhi sun tabbatar da cewa ana buƙatar waɗannan bayanan abokin ciniki na asymmetrically, na tsari na shirye-shiryen taimakon shari'a a cikin tsarin jari hujja na Amurka a matsayin kayan aiki don yin kira ga masu ba da gudummawa da sauran hanyoyin samun kuɗi. Wadannan wakilci da tantance waɗanda ke neman kuma suka cancanci taimakon shari'a ana bayar da hujjar bayar da gudummawa ga al'adar zargi waɗanda ke fama da talauci, kamar yadda labaran ba su da rawar da jihar da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki ke takawa wajen samar da waɗannan yanayi na abokan ciniki. Duk da haka, ba a bayar da taimakon shari'a a cikin ƙararrakin farar hula, ko hanyoyin kora, saboda waɗannan ba shari'ar laifi ba ne.

Oceania

Ostiraliya

Ostiraliya tana da tsarin gwamnatin tarayya wanda ya ƙunshi ikon tarayya, jiha da yanki. Ostiraliya (Commonwealth) da gwamnatocin jahohi da yanki kowanne suna da alhakin samar da taimakon doka don abubuwan da suka taso a ƙarƙashin dokokinsu. Bugu da ƙari akwai hanyar sadarwa mai zaman kanta Kusan guda 200, ba don riba ba, cibiyoyin shari'a na al'umma .

Taimakon shari'a na al'amuran Commonwealth da na jihohi ana ba da su ne ta hanyar hukumomin ba da agajin shari'a na jiha da ƙasa (LACs), waɗanda hukumomi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka kafa ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Gwamnatin Ostiraliya tana ba da tallafin doka don dangin Commonwealth, shari'ar farar hula da na laifuka ƙarƙashin yarjejeniya da gwamnatocin jihohi da ƙasa da LACs. Yawancin al'amuran Commonwealth sun shiga cikin Iƙon dokar iyali.

Kwamitocin ba da agajin doka suna amfani da gauraya samfurin don sadar da ayyukan wakilcin doka. Ana iya ba da gudummawar taimakon wakilcin doka ga ko dai lauyan cikin gida mai albashi ko kuma a tura shi ga wani mai zaman kansa. Haɗaɗɗen ƙirar yana da fa'ida musamman don samar da sabis ga abokan ciniki a yankunan yanki kuma a lokuta inda rikici na sha'awa yana nufin lauya ɗaya ba zai iya wakiltar ɓangarorin biyu ba.

Ta hanyar tarihi, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa Ofishin Sabis na Shari'a a cikin shekara ta 1942 don haɓaka tsarin ƙasa. A cikin shekara ta 1973 Babban Mai Shari'a a cikin gwamnatin Labour ta Whitlam, Lionel Murphy, ya kafa Ofishin Ba da Agajin Shari'a na Australiya. Murphy ya fahimci buƙatar gaggawar taimakon doka domin adalci ya kasance dai-dai da kowa ga kowa. Murphy ya gane cewa: "Daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin daidaiton 'yan ƙasa a gaban dokoki shine rashin isassun shirye-shiryen ba da agajin doka cikakke a cikin Ostiraliya. . . Babban abin da gwamnati ta sa a gaba shi ne cewa taimakon shari'a ya kasance cikin sauƙi kuma dai-dai da samuwa ga 'yan ƙasa a ko'ina cikin Ostiraliya kuma a ba da tallafin don shawarwari da taimakon ƙararraki da kuma shari'a a duk nau'ikan shari'a da kuma a duk kotuna." (Sanata Honarabul Lionel Murphy AO QC, Attorney General) Kafa Ofishin Ba da Agajin Shari'a na Australiya a shekara ta 1973 ya biyo bayan kafa kwamitocin ba da agajin shari'a na jihohi. Waɗannan ofisoshin yanzu suna ba da mafi yawan tallafin shari'a kyauta ko kuma mai rahusa ga mabukata. A cikin shekara ta 1977, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta kafa Dokar Taimakon Shari'a ta Commonwealth 1977 (LAC Act), wacce ta kafa shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gwamnatin Ostiraliya da gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙasa, waɗanda za a ba da taimakon doka ta kwamitocin ba da agajin doka masu zaman kansu da za a kafa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. da dokokin yanki. Tsarin kafa LACs ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma. Ya fara ne a cikin shekara ta 1976 tare da kafa Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a na Yammacin Ostiraliya, wanda ya biyo baya a cikin shekara ta 1978 Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Victoria (LACV), kuma ta ƙare a 1990 tare da kafa Hukumar Taimakon Shari'a ta Tasmania . Shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar da aka kafa ta Dokar LAC ta samar da yarjejeniyar ba da tallafin doka ta Commonwealth da jiha da ƙasa,

A cikin Yulin shekara ta 1997, Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ta canza shirye-shiryenta don ba da kuɗi kai tsaye sabis na taimakon doka don al'amuran dokar Commonwealth. A ƙarƙashin wannan tsari, jihohi da yankuna suna ba da tallafi ga nasu dokokin. A cikin shekara ta 2013, an jinkirta shari'ar kisan kai a Kotun Koli ta Victoria saboda ba a samun taimakon doka. An ambaci wannan a matsayin sakamakon raguwar tallafin gwamnati ga hukumomin ba da agajin doka a Ostiraliya kuma ya haifar da karuwar shahara ga albarkatun taimakon shari'a na kan layi kamar Littafin Jagoran Shari'a .

An tattauna taimakon shari'a a Ostiraliya a cikin batun <i id="mwAZ0">Dietrich v The Sarauniya</i> (1992) . ^[23] An gano cewa, duk da cewa babu cikakkiyar dama ta samun lauya a bainar jama'a, a mafi yawan lokuta alƙali ya kamata ya ba da duk wata bukata ta a dage shari'a ko kuma a tsaya a lokacin da wanda ake tuhuma ba ya wakilci.

New Zealand

Tsarin ba da agajin doka a ƙasar New Zealand yana ba da tallafin shari'a da Gwamnati ke bayarwa ga waɗanda ba su da Iƙon mallakar lauya. Ana samun taimakon shari'a don kusan duk ayyukan kotu a duk matakan tsarin kotu. Wannan ya haɗa da tuhume-tuhumen laifuffuka, batutuwan jama'a, rigingimun iyali, ƙararraki da iƙirarin Kotun Kolin Waitangi .

Duba kuma

Samun damar Shirye-shiryen Adalci
Avocats Sans Frontières
Asusun warware rikicin muhalli
Sanin doka
Asibitin shari'a
Pro Bono Net
Mai kare jama'a
Dokar Muhalli ta Yamma

Manazarta

↑ Regan, Francis (1999). The Transformation of Legal Aid: Comparative and Historical Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-19-826589-4.
↑ Regan (1999), The Transformation of Legal Aid, pp. 90–91
↑ Regan (1999), The Transformation of Legal Aid, p. 91
↑ Regan (1999), The Transformation of Legal Aid, pp. 90–91
↑ Regan (1999), The Transformation of Legal Aid, p. 91
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Regan (1999), The Transformation of Legal Aid, p. 114
↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2003-09-10. Retrieved 2012-02-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
↑ "Hussainara Khatoon & Ors vs Home Secretary, State of Bihar (1979 AIR 1369, 1979 SCR (3) 532)". Indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
↑ "NALSA". Nalsa.gov.in. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
↑ Gavilan, Jodesz (2017-09-21). "No cause more worthy: Ka Pepe Diokno's fight for human rights". Archived from the original on 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2020-10-14.
↑ Te, Theodore (2018-12-20). "ANALYSIS-Deep Dive, Community legal aid service: Too much, too soon?". Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
↑ "Ressa's cyberlibel conviction not yet final — FLAG". 2020-06-15. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
↑ "Petitions Versus Anti-Terror Law Now 16: 'It Will Terrorize Our People, Not the Terrorists'". 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
↑ "domstol.dk – Sagsomkostninger". Domstol.dk. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
↑ "Legal aid – Germany". European Commission. 22 March 2005.
↑ "How To Germany – German Law and the German Legal System". Howtogermany.com. Retrieved 16 July 2016.
↑ "Legal aid – Italy". Associazione Art. 24 Cost. 8 December 2012.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/en/topics/research/laspo-4-years-on
↑ Tamanaha, Brian Z. (September 2008). "Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global". Sydney Law Review. 30 (3): 375–411.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 McQuoid-Mason, David J. (2000). "The Delivery of Civil Legal Aid Services in South Africa". Fordham International Law Journal. 24 (Symposium Issue): S111–S142 – via Heinonline.org.
↑ Maisel, Peggy (January 2007). "Expanding and Sustaining Clinical Legal Education in Developing Countries: What We Can Learn from South Africa". Fordham International Law Journal. 30 (2): 374–420 – via HeinOnline.
↑ Scott, Craig; Macklem, Patrick (1992). "Constitutional Ropes of Sand or Justiciable Guarantees? Social Rights in a New South African Constitution". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 141 (1): 1–148. doi:10.2307/3312396. JSTOR 3312396.
↑ Dietrich v The Queen [1992] HCA 57.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

Taimakon Shari'a a Curlie
Taimakon shari'a a Scotland (www.mygov.scot)
Shirin Taimakon Shari'a Ontario

[regan-1] Regan, Francis (1999). The Transformation of Legal Aid: Comparative and Historical Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-19-826589-4.

[2] Regan (1999), The Transformation of Legal Aid, pp. 90–91

[3] Regan (1999), The Transformation of Legal Aid, p. 91

[4] Regan (1999), The Transformation of Legal Aid, pp. 90–91

[5] Regan (1999), The Transformation of Legal Aid, p. 91

[Regan_1999_p._114-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Regan (1999), The Transformation of Legal Aid, p. 114

[7] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2003-09-10. Retrieved 2012-02-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[8] "Hussainara Khatoon & Ors vs Home Secretary, State of Bihar (1979 AIR 1369, 1979 SCR (3) 532)". Indiankanoon.org. Retrieved 2016-07-17.

[9] "NALSA". Nalsa.gov.in. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2016.

[10] Gavilan, Jodesz (2017-09-21). "No cause more worthy: Ka Pepe Diokno's fight for human rights". Archived from the original on 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2020-10-14.

[11] Te, Theodore (2018-12-20). "ANALYSIS-Deep Dive, Community legal aid service: Too much, too soon?". Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2020-10-15.

[12] "Ressa's cyberlibel conviction not yet final — FLAG". 2020-06-15. Retrieved 2020-10-15.

[13] "Petitions Versus Anti-Terror Law Now 16: 'It Will Terrorize Our People, Not the Terrorists'". 2020-07-24. Retrieved 2020-10-15.

[14] "domstol.dk – Sagsomkostninger". Domstol.dk. Archived from the original on 19 December 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2016.

[15] "Legal aid – Germany". European Commission. 22 March 2005.

[16] "How To Germany – German Law and the German Legal System". Howtogermany.com. Retrieved 16 July 2016.

[17] "Legal aid – Italy". Associazione Art. 24 Cost. 8 December 2012.

[:4-18] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/en/topics/research/laspo-4-years-on

[:3-19] Tamanaha, Brian Z. (September 2008). "Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global". Sydney Law Review. 30 (3): 375–411.

[:13-20] 20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 McQuoid-Mason, David J. (2000). "The Delivery of Civil Legal Aid Services in South Africa". Fordham International Law Journal. 24 (Symposium Issue): S111–S142 – via Heinonline.org.

[:5-21] Maisel, Peggy (January 2007). "Expanding and Sustaining Clinical Legal Education in Developing Countries: What We Can Learn from South Africa". Fordham International Law Journal. 30 (2): 374–420 – via HeinOnline.

[22] Scott, Craig; Macklem, Patrick (1992). "Constitutional Ropes of Sand or Justiciable Guarantees? Social Rights in a New South African Constitution". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 141 (1): 1–148. doi:10.2307/3312396. JSTOR 3312396.

[23] Dietrich v The Queen [1992] HCA 57.

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