Waashuru
Waashuru (kwa Kiaramu ܣܘܪܝܝܐ) ni kabila la Kisemiti la watu wa Mesopotamia kaskazini, ambao leo kwa kiasi kikubwa wanaishi nje ya nchi yao asili (hasa katika Iraq na Syria za leo, pamoja na maeneo madogo ya Uturuki na Iran), hasa Marekani, Ulaya Magharibi na Australia.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Kwa jumla duniani kote wanakadiriwa kuwa kati ya milioni 2 na 4.25. Wengi wao ni Wakristo (hasa Kanisa Katoliki la Wakaldayo na Kanisa la Waashuru la Mashariki), na kwa sababu hiyo wamedhulumiwa na watawala mbalimbali kwa karibu miaka 2000 mfululizo.[7]
Waashuru wana historia tukufu upande wa ustaarabu na siasa kwa kuwa walirithi na kueneza utamaduni wa Wasumeri na Waakadi ambao ndio wa kwanza duniani katika mambo mengi.
Hasa dola la Ashuru lilistawi kati ya karne ya 24 KK na karne ya 7 KK liliposhindwa na Wakaldayo wa Babuloni (605 KK).
Biblia inazungumzia mara nyingi habari za dola hilo lililokuwa tishio kwa Waisraeli na mataifa mengi ya Mashariki ya Kati kwa muda mrefu.
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Assyrians in Georgia, Joshua Project
- ↑ Certrez, Donabed, and Makko (2012). The Assyrian Heritage: Threads of Continuity and Influence. Uppsala University. ku. 44–50. ISBN 978-91-554-8303-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Dr. Eden Naby. "Documenting The Crisis In The Assyrian Iranian Community".
- ↑ "Assyrian Christians 'Most Vulnerable Population' in Iraq", The Christian Post. Retrieved on 2006-12-05. Archived from the original on 2006-12-06.
- ↑ "Iraq's Christian community, fights for its survival", Christian World News.
- ↑ "U.S. Gov't Watchdog Urges Protection for Iraq's Assyrian Christians", The Christian Post. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Archived from the original on 2007-12-11.
- ↑ *MacDonald, Kevin (2004-07-29). "Socialization for Ingroup Identity among Assyrians in the United States". Paper presented at a symposium on socialization for ingroup identity at the meetings of the International Society for Human Ethology, Ghent, Belgium. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-06-10. Iliwekwa mnamo 2014-09-14.
Based on interviews with community informants, this paper explores socialization for ingroup identity and endogamy among Assyrians in the United States. The Assyrians descent from the population of ancient Assyria (founded in the 24th century BC), and have lived as a linguistic, political, religious, and ethnic minority in northern Iraq, northwest Iran, northeast Syria and southeast Turkey since the fall of the Assyrian Empire in 605 BC. Practices that maintain ethnic and cultural continuity in the Near East, the North America, Europe and elsewhere include language and residential patterns, ethnically based Christian churches characterized by unique holidays and rites, and culturally specific practices related to life-cycle events and food preparation. The interviews probe parental attitudes and practices related to ethnic identity and encouragement of endogamy. Results are being analyzed.
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Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Aphram I Barsoum, Patriarch (1943). The Scattered Pearls.
- Benjamin, Yoab. "Assyrians in Middle America: A Historical and Demographic Study of the Chicago Assyrian Community" (PDF). 10 (2). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - BetGivargis-McDaniel, Maegan (2007). Assyrians of New Britain. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-5012-4. OCLC 156908771.
- Brock, Sebastian (9 Septemba 2002). The Hidden Pearl: The Aramaic Heritage. Trans World Film. ISBN 1-931956-99-5. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-12-23.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - De Courtis, Sėbastien (2004). The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans (tol. la 1st Gorgias Press). Piscataway, New Jersey : Gorgias Press. ISBN 978-1-59333-077-4.
{{cite book}}: External link in|ref= - Donabed, Sargon; Donabed, Ninos (2006). Assyrians of Eastern Massachusetts. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-4480-9. OCLC 70184669.
- Ephrem I Barsaum, Ignatius (2006). De spridda pärlorna - En historia om syriansk litteratur och vetenskap (kwa Swedish). Sweden: Anastasis Media AB. ISBN 91-975751-4-3.
{{cite book}}: External link in|ref= - Gaunt, David (2006). Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1-59333-301-3. OCLC 85766950.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Henrich, Joseph; Henrich, Natalie (Mei 2007). Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-531423-9.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Hollerweger, Hans (1999). Tur Abdin: A Homeland of Ancient Syro-Aramaean Culture (kwa English, German, na Turkish). Österreich. ISBN 3-9501039-0-2.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - MacDonald, Kevin (2004-07-29). "Socialization for Ingroup Identity among Assyrians in the United States". Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-06-10. Iliwekwa mnamo 2014-09-14.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|quotes=(help); Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Parpola, Simo (2004). "National and Ethnic Identity in the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Assyrian Identity in Post-Empire Times" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 18 (2). Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 2011-07-17.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|quotes=(help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Taylor, David; Brock, Sebastian (9 Septemba 2002). Vol. I: The Ancient Aramaic Heritage. Trans World Film.
{{cite book}}: External link in|ref= - Taylor, David; Brock, Sebastian (9 Septemba 2002). Vol. II: The Heirs of the Ancient Aramaic Heritage. Trans World Film.
{{cite book}}: External link in|ref= - Taylor, David; Brock, Sebastian (9 Septemba 2002). Vol. III: At the Turn of the Third Millennium; The Syrian Orthodox Witness. Trans World Film.
{{cite book}}: External link in|ref=
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Assyrian people, Britannica Online
- A virtual Assyria: Cyberland Ilihifadhiwa 16 Novemba 2007 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- A virtual Assyria: Christians from the Middle East Ilihifadhiwa 27 Septemba 2007 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Traditional Assyrian Costumes Ilihifadhiwa 19 Novemba 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Assyrian Iraqi Document Projects
- Who Are Assyrians?
- Assyrian History
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- Mbegu za historia
- Madola
- Mesopotamia
- Historia ya Iraq
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- Watu wa Iraq
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