Electronics and Microprocessor Lab
ECE 326 and CCE 329
Lecture 1
Dr. Emad Badry
Lecturer at faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University
[Link]@[Link]
Essential Electronics Laboratory Equipment and Tools
Multimeter
A multimeter's measurement flexibility combined with its precision and accuracy makes
multimeters a useful tool in any electronics lab. Multimeters measure both AC and DC voltage
and current as well as resistance. Multimeters are often used in troubleshooting designs and
testing prototype circuits. Multimeter accessories include transistor testing modules, temperature
sensor probes, high voltage probes, and probe kits.
Oscilloscope
Electronics are all about the signals and the oscilloscope is the primary measurement tool to
observe the shape of signals. Oscilloscopes display signals in a graphical format on a pair of
axes, generally with Y as the voltage and X as the time. This format offers a very powerful
method to understand the shape of a signal, determine what is going on in an electronic circuit,
and monitor its performance or track down problems.
Power Supply
It's difficult to test a circuit without applying power to it. Several types of power supplies
support electronics design and testing with varying sets of features. For a general-purpose
laboratory power supply, variable voltage-and-current controls are one of the most
important features. Often these power supplies operate in either a constant-voltage or
constant-current mode, allowing rapid testing of components or portions of a design
without building a specific power regulation circuit.
Function Generator
A function generator is a specific form of signal generator that is able to generate
waveforms with common shapes. n particular it can be made to become a sine wave
generator, square wave generator, and triangular wave generator. Also a function
generator may be able to vary the characteristics of the waveforms, changing the length
of the pulse, i.e. the mark space ratio, or the ramps of the different edges of triangular or
sawtooth waveforms.
The function generator is only be able to create the waveforms that are built into the
function generator. It cannot be programmed to create additional waveforms - an
arbitrary waveform generator, AWG is required for this. Apart from just generating the
waveforms themselves, this type of test instrument has the capability to add a DC offset
to the signal. This can be very useful in a number of testing applications.
Hand Tools
Helping Hands Stainless Steel ESD Tweezer Set
Magnifying Lamp Plier Set
Breadboard
A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board with a bunch of tiny holes in it. These
holes let you easily insert electronic components to prototype (meaning to build and
test an early version of an electronic circuit,
A jump wire
A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire) is an electrical wire,
or group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or
sometimes without them – simply "tinned"), which is normally used to
interconnect the components of a breadboard or other prototype or test
circuit, internally or with other equipment or components, without
soldering
Soldering Station
A soldering station is a multipurpose power soldering device designed for electronic components soldering.
This type of equipment is mostly used in electronics and electrical engineering. Soldering station consists of
one or more soldering tools connected to the main unit, which includes the controls (temperature
adjustment), means of indication, and may be equipped with an electric transformer. Soldering stations may
include some accessories – holders and stands, soldering tip cleaners, etc.
BJT transistor
A bipolar junction transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device that consists of two p-n junctions which are able to amplify or
magnify a signal. It is a current controlled device. The three terminals of the BJT are the base, the collector, and the emitter. A signal of
a small amplitude applied to the base is available in the amplified form at the collector of the transistor.
How to Test a Transistor
Place the three legs of the Transistor first in the E-B-C formation. The
multimeter will show the reading if this formation is correct, else it will show
over range.
If the previous method doesn’t work, place the three legs of the Transistor in the
B-C-E formation. If multimeter shows reading, then it’s correct. The reading is
nothing but the HFE of that transistor.
VOLTAGE-DIVIDER BIAS
Part 2
Logic gates
AND OR
Inverter
NOR
NAND
XOR XNOR
7400 Series Logic Families
The original circuits came in either plastic or ceramic Dual-In-Line packages (DIP). The 7400 TTL logic family was powered off of a +
5v supply.
Logic gates connections
A
A B Cin
S
B
S
Cout
VCC VCC
VCC
VCC
GND GND
GND
GND
The Classical Digital Design Flow
Specifications Verification
Fabrication
Functional Place and
design Route
Technology
Synthesis
mapping
Difference between combinational and sequential circuit
Combinational Circuit – In this output depends only upon present input.
Sequential circuits are those which are dependent on clock cycles and depends on present as well as past inputs to generate any output.
The D-Flip-Flop
Clock signal is a periodic signal and its ON time and OFF time need not be the same. You can represent the clock signal as a square wave,
when both its ON time and OFF time are same.
Types of triggering
Level triggering
Edge triggering
If the sequential circuit is operated with the clock signal when it is in
Logic High or low
Positive edge triggering Negative edge triggering
The D-Flip-Flop
Register
A register is a digital circuit with two basic functions: data storage and data movement. The storage capability of a register makes it an
important type of memory device
Combinational with Sequential
Series and Parallel Data
Data can be transmitted by either serial transfer or parallel transfer.
Serial data transfer
Parallel data transfer
