Stored Procedures &
User-Defined Functions
Vu Tuyet Trinh
trinhvt-fit@[Link]
Hanoi University of Technology
1
Introduction to SQL Batch Processing
Individual SQL
commands
Grouped to form a
batch
Batch
Compiled
as single
execution
plan
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Example
Use Pubs
Select * from authors
Update authors
set phone= '890 451-7366‘
where au_lname= 'White'
Go
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Outline
Understanding the concepts of batch and batch
processing
T-SQL Programming
Define and assign variables
Cursors for data retrieval
Control statements
Write SQL statements using SQL Server basic functions
Use basic functions in a query
Implementing Stored Procedures
Implementing User-Defined Functions
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Assigning values to variables
SET statement
SET @local_variable name = value
SELECT statement
SELECT @local_variable name = value
Example SET @CUST=’FRANK’
SELECT CUSTOMERID,COMPANYNAME
FROM CUSTOMERS
WHERE CUSTOMERID = @CUST
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Variables
SQL Server supports two types of variables in T-SQL
@@global_variable
@local_variable
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List of Global variables
@@CONNECTIONS Number of connections made to the server
since it was last started.
@@CPU_BUSY Number of milliseconds the system has been
processing since SQL Server was started
@@CURSOR_ROWS Number of rows in the most recently opened
cursor.
@@ERROR Error number of the last T-SQL error
@@FETCH_STATUS 0 if the last fetch status was successful.
-1 if there was an error
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List of Global variables (2)
@@IDENTITY Last inserted identity value
@@LANGUAGE Name of the language currently in use.
@@MAX_CONNECTIONS Maximum number of concurrent
connections that can be made.
@@ROWCOUNT Number of rows affected by most
recent SQL Statement
@@SERVERNAME Name of local server
@@SERVICENAME Name of the SQL Service on this
computer
@@TIMETICKS Number of microseconds per tick on
the current computer
@@TRANSCOUNT Number of transaction open on the
current connection
@@VERSION Version information of SQL Server
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Cursors to Retrieve Data
Allowing positioning at specific rows of the result set
Retrieving one row or block of rows from the current
position in the result set
Supporting data modifications to the rows at the current
position in the result set
Supporting different levels of visibility for changes made
by other users to the data in the result set
Providing access to the data in a result set for T-SQL
statements in scripts, stored procedures, and triggers
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Cursor Implementations
Transact-SQL Server Cursors
Used in scripts, stored procedures, and triggers
Implemented on the server
API Server Cursors
Implemented on the server but managed by API cursor
functions (OLE DB, ODBC, DB-Library)
Client Cursors
Entire result set is cached on client and all cursor
operations are performed against this cached set
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Working with T-SQL Server Cursors
Declare the cursor
Populate the cursor
Retrieve (fetch) the result set
First, Next, Prior, Last, Absolute n, Relative n
Optional: update or delete a row
Close the cursor
Free resources allocated to the cursor
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Control Statements
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Control Statements Contd…
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BEGIN..END
A set of TSQL statements to be executed can be enclosed
in BEGIN..END.
Syntax:
BEGIN
{ statement | statement_block}
END
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IF..ELSE
We can execute different
sets of SQL statements based on
specified conditions.
Syntax:
IF Boolean_expression
{ sql_statement | statement_block }
[ ELSE
{ sql_statement |
statement_block } ]
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Example
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WHILE construct
We can execute a SQL statement or a
block of statements based on some condition.
Syntax:
WHILE Boolean_expression
{ statement | statement_block }
[ BREAK ]
{ statement | statement_block
}
[ CONTINUE ]
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Example
USE pubs
GO
WHILE (SELECT AVG(price) FROM titles) < $30
BEGIN
UPDATE titles
SET price = price * 2
SELECT MAX(price) FROM titles
IF (SELECT MAX(price) FROM titles) > $50
BREAK
ELSE
CONTINUE
END
PRINT 'Too much for the market to bear'
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GOTO keyword
GOTO:
We can change the flow of execution to a specified location
(label). The statements after GOTO keyword are skipped and
the execution process continues at the specified label in the
GOTO statement.
Syntax:
GOTO label
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RETURN
RETURN: We can use RETURN at any point to exit from a block,
procedure. Statements after the RETURN statement are not
executed.
Syntax:
RETURN [ integer_expression ]
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CASE statement
Allowing to return a value based on whether an
expression is true.
Can be used wherever an expression is allowed.
Syntax:
CASE expression
WHEN expression1 THEN expression1
[[WHEN expression2 THEN expression2] […]]
[ELSE expression]
END
Example:
SELECT au_fname, au_lname,CASE state
WHEN 'OR' THEN 'Oregon'
END AS StateName FROM
authors
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Multi column updates using CASE
UPDATE publishers
SET state =
CASE
WHEN country <> "USA"
THEN "--" Two or more
ELSE state
END, columns can
city = be updated
CASE using one
WHEN pub_id = "9999" command in
THEN "LYON"
ELSE city this manner
END
WHERE country <> "USA" OR
pub_id = "9999"
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Math Functions
AVG()
MIN()
MAX()
SUM()
COUNT()
SQUARE()
SQRT()
ROUND()
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String Functions
ASCII()
CHAR()
UPPER()
LOWER()
LEN()
LTRIM()
RTRIM()
LEFT()
RIGHT()
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Time Functions
GETDATE()
DATEPART(YY,getdate())
DATEDIFF(X,Y,Z)
DAY()
MONTH()
YEAR()
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System Functions
DB_ID([‘database_name’])
DB_NAME([database_id])
HOST_ID()
HOST_NAME()
ISNULL(expr,value)
OBJECT_ID(‘obj_name’)
OBJECT_NAME(object_id)
SUSER_SID([‘login_name’])
SUSER_ID([‘login_name’])
SUSER_SNAME([server_user_id])
SUSER_NAME([server_user_id])
USER_ID([‘user_name’])
USER_NAME([user_id])
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Outline
Understanding the concepts of batch and batch
processing
T-SQL Programming
Define and assign variables
Cursors for data retrieval
Control statements
Write SQL statements using SQL Server basic functions
Use basic functions in a query
Implementing Stored Procedures
Implementing User-Defined Functions
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Stored Procedures
Main ideas
move the processing as close to the data as possible.
Move into a batch that has been stored with a name so it can be
pre-compiled
Advantages
better performance
higher productivity
ease of use
increased scalability.
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Creating a Stored Procedure
USE SQLProject;
go
CREATE PROCEDURE GetSubjects
AS
SELECT SubjectCode, Name, Semester, CreditPoint
FROM [Link];
RETURN;
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Modifying a Stored Procedure
ALTER PROCEDURE GetSubjects
AS
SELECT *
FROM [Link];
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Deleting a Stored Procedure
DROP PROCEDURE [Link]
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Executing a Stored Procedure
Local stored procedures
Execute <Procedure_name>
Remote stored procedures
Execute <[Link]>
or
OpenQuery(linked server name,‘exec stored procedure’)
Example
Execute [Link]
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Outline
Understanding the concepts of batch and batch
processing
T-SQL Programming
Define and assign variables
Cursors for data retrieval
Control statements
Write SQL statements using SQL Server basic functions
Use basic functions in a query
Implementing Stored Procedures
Implementing User-Defined Functions
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User-Defined Function
A function returning value
Advantages:
better performance, higher productivity, ease of use, increased
scalability for database application
embed complex logic within a query.
create new functions for complex expressions.
Three distinct types
Scalar functions that return a single value
Updateable inline table functions similar to views
Multi-statement table functions that build a result set with code
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Creating a Scalar Function
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Creating a Inline Table Function
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Creating a Multi-statement table function
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Modifying a Scalar Function
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Modifying a Inline Table Functions
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Modifying a Multi-statement Table Function
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Summary
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