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{{Short description|American Quaker abolitionist and suffragist (1793–1880)}} |
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{{Use American English|date=January 2023}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2023}} |
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{{Infobox person |
{{Infobox person |
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| name = Lucretia Mott |
| name = Lucretia Mott |
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| image = Mott Lucretia Painting Kyle 1841.jpg |
| image = Mott Lucretia Painting Kyle 1841.jpg |
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| image_size = |
| image_size = |
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| caption = Lucretia Mott at |
| caption = Lucretia Mott, at 49 years old (1842), at the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] |
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|birth_name=Lucretia Coffin |
| birth_name = Lucretia Coffin |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1793|1|3|mf=y}} |
| birth_date = {{birth date|1793|1|3|mf=y}} |
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| birth_place |
| birth_place = [[Nantucket]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S. |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1880|11|11|1793|1|3}} |
| death_date = {{death date and age|1880|11|11|1793|1|3}} |
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| death_place = [[Cheltenham Township, |
| death_place = [[La Mott, Pennsylvania|La Mott]], [[Cheltenham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Cheltenham]], [[Pennsylvania]], U.S. |
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| occupation = [[Abolitionism in the United States|Abolitionist]] |
| occupation = {{Hlist|[[Abolitionism in the United States|Abolitionist]]|[[Women's suffrage|suffragist]]|teacher}} |
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| spouse =[[James Mott]] |
| spouse = {{marriage|[[James Mott]]|1811|1868|end=died}} |
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| children = 6 |
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| relations = [[Martha Coffin Wright]] (sister)<br>[[Eliza Wright Osborne]] (niece)<br>[[Mayhew Folger]] (maternal uncle)<br>[[Levi Coffin]] (cousin) |
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| children = 6 |
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| relations = [[Martha Coffin Wright]] <small>(sister)</small><br>[[Mayhew Folger]] <small>(maternal uncle)</small> |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Lucretia Mott''' (née '''Coffin'''; January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an [[Quakers |
'''Lucretia Mott''' (née '''Coffin'''; January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an American [[Quakers|Quaker]], [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]], [[women's rights]] activist, and [[social reformer]]. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the [[World Anti-Slavery Convention]] held in London in 1840. In 1848, she was invited by [[Jane Hunt]] to a meeting that led to the first public gathering about women's rights, the [[Seneca Falls Convention]], during which the [[Declaration of Sentiments]] was written. |
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Her speaking abilities made her an important abolitionist, feminist, and reformer |
Her speaking abilities made her an important abolitionist, feminist, and reformer; she had been a Quaker preacher early in her adulthood. She advocated giving black people, both male and female, the [[right to vote]] (suffrage). Her home with James was a stop on the [[Underground Railroad]]. Mott helped found the [[Female Medical College of Pennsylvania]] and [[Swarthmore College]] and raised funds for the [[Philadelphia School of Design for Women]]. She remained a central figure in reform movements until her death in 1880. The area around her long-time residence in [[Cheltenham Township]] is now known as [[La Mott, Pennsylvania|La Mott]], in her honor. |
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== Early life and education == |
== Early life and education == |
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Lucretia Coffin was born January 3, 1793,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/01/03/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-3-2019/1811546209344/|title= UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 3, 2019|work=[[United Press International]]|date=January 3, 2019|access-date=September 3, 2019|archive-date=January 3, 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190103223323/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2019/01/03/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-3-2019/1811546209344/|url-status=live|quote=feminist/abolitionist Lucretia Mott in 1793}}</ref> in [[Nantucket]], [[Massachusetts]], the second child of Anna Folger and Thomas Coffin.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|pp=8, 14}} Her father, Capt. Thomas Coffin was a descendant of one of the original purchasers of Nantucket Island<ref name="Wikisource" /> and carried on his forefather's occupation as a whale-fisherman.<ref name="CT-obit">{{Cite news |date=1880-11-12 |title=Death, Near Philadelphia, of Lucretia Mott, the Abolitionist |pages=8 |work=Chicago Tribune |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122453686/death-near-philadelphia-of-lucretia/ |access-date=2023-04-07}}</ref> Her mother ran the family mercantile business and traded in Boston for goods in exchange for oils and candles from the island.<ref name="CT-obit" /> Lucretia often ran small errands for her mother, scouring the wharves for supplies and aid for her family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stiehm |first=Jamie |title=The Power of Voice, Reflections on Lucretia Mott (1793-1880) |url=https://nha.org/research/nantucket-history/history-topics/the-power-of-voice-reflections-on-lucretia-mott-1793-1880/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Nantucket Historical Association |language=en-US}}</ref> Through her mother, she was a descendant of [[Peter Folger (Nantucket settler)|Peter Folger]], a missionary on Nantucket in the mid-1600s.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=12}} Her cousin was [[Benjamin Franklin]], one of the [[Framers of the Constitution]], while other Folger relatives were [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Tories]], those who remained loyal to the [[British Crown]] during the American Revolution.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=14}} |
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Lucretia Coffin was born in [[Nantucket]], [[Massachusetts]], the second child Anna Folger and Thomas Coffin.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|pp=8, 14}} Through her mother, she was a descendent of [[Peter Foulger]]{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=12}} and [[Mary Morrill]].{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Her cousin was [[Founding Father]] [[Benjamin Franklin]], while other Folger relatives were [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Tories]].{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=14}} |
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In 1803, at the age of 10, her father moved the Coffin family to Boston to become a merchant.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Lucretia Mott |url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/lucretia-mott |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=National Women's History Museum |language=en}}</ref> She was sent at the age of 13 to the [[Oakwood Friends School|Nine Partners School]], located in [[Dutchess County, New York]], which was run by the [[Society of Friends]] (Quakers).{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|pp=24–27}} James Mott, who would become her husband, was her teacher there.<ref name="Wikisource">{{cite wikisource |title=Lucretia Mott |wslink=Woman_of_the_Century/Lucretia_Mott |work=Women of the Century | editor1=Willard, Frances E. |editor2=Livermore, Mary A.|publisher=Charles Wells Moulton | year=1893}}</ref> At the age of 15, she became a teacher there after graduation<ref name="Wikisource" />{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=33, 34}} and learned that male teachers at the school were [[gender pay gap|paid significantly more than]] female staff, which ignited her interest in [[women's rights]].{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=33, 34}} She was also interested in fighting slavery as a child.<ref name="Wikisource" /> After her family moved to Philadelphia in 1809,<ref name="auto"/> she and James Mott followed{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|pp=34, 36}} in 1810.<ref name="NIE" /> James became a merchant in the city.<ref name="NIE">{{Cite book |last1=Colby |first1=Frank Moore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ciZiY_uCuMC&pg=PA351 |title=The New International Encyclopædia: James Mott and Lucretia Mott |last2=Williams |first2=Talcott |date=1922 |publisher=Dodd, Mead |pages=351 |language=en}}</ref> |
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At the age of thirteen, she was sent to the [[Oakwood Friends School|Nine Partners School]] in what is now [[Millbrook, New York|Millbrook]], [[Dutchess County, New York]], which was run by the [[Society of Friends]]. There she became a teacher after graduation. Her interest in [[women's rights]] began when she discovered that male teachers at the school were [[gender pay gap|paid thrice as much]] as the female staff. After her family moved to Philadelphia, she and James Mott, another teacher at Nine Partners, followed. |
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== Personal life == |
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[[File:Lucretia and James Mott.jpg|thumb|alt=Daguerreotype portrait of Lucretia and James Mott sitting together|[[James Mott|James]] and Lucretia Mott, 1842]] |
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On April 10, 1811, Lucretia Coffin married [[James Mott]] at Pine Street Meeting in [[Philadelphia]].{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=37}} James was a Quaker businessman<ref name="papers" /> who shared her anti-slavery interests, supported women's rights, and helped found [[Swarthmore College]].<ref name="NIE" /> They raised six children,<ref name="papers">{{Cite book |last1=Stanton |first1=Elizabeth Cady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjq1rbyN_IQC&pg=PA14|title=The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony |last2=Anthony |first2=Susan Brownell |date=1997 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0813523187 |language=en}}</ref> five of whom made it to adulthood.<ref name="WLG letters">{{Cite book |last=Garrison |first=William Lloyd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ojhsW0VgooC&dq=%2522James+Mott%2522+1788+1868+children&pg=PR27 |title=The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, Volume II: a House Dividing Against Itself: 1836–1840 |date=1971 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674526617 |pages=xxvii |language=en}}</ref> |
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Mott died on November 11, 1880, of pneumonia at her home, Roadside,{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|pp=211–212}}<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url =https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lucretia-Mott|title=Lucretia Mott|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]| date=| accessdate =January 3, 2023}}</ref> in the district now known as [[La Mott, Pennsylvania|La Mott]], [[Cheltenham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Cheltenham, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="La Mott" /> She was buried at [[Fair Hill Burial Ground]], a Quaker cemetery in North Philadelphia.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=212}} At her funeral, a long silence took place. It was broken when someone asked, "Who can speak? The preacher is dead."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucretia Mott, the Brazen Infidel {{!}} Building Bridges {{!}} Tapestry of Faith {{!}} UUA.org |url=https://www.uua.org/re/tapestry/youth/bridges/workshop17/mott |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.uua.org |language=en}}</ref> |
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==Ministry== |
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In 1821, at age 28, Mott was recognized by her Friends Meeting ([[Recorded Minister|"recorded"]]) as a minister.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|pp=21, 38}} By then she had been preaching for at least three years.{{efn|''Women of the Century'' (1893) states that she became a minister in 1818.<ref name="Wikisource" />}} She summarized her perspective by stating: "I always loved the good, in childhood desired to do the right, and had no faith in the generally received idea of human depravity."<ref name="CT-obit" /> Mott traveled throughout the United States — New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, and Indiana — and to England.<ref name="Wikisource" />{{sfn|Bacon|1989|pp=34–35}} Rare for the time, Mott was among a group of single and married women, including [[Jane Fenn Hoskens]] and [[Elizabeth Fry]], who traveled as part of their Quaker ministry.{{sfn|Bacon|1989|pp=34–35}} She was described as a woman of "gentle and refined manners and of great force of character."<ref name="Wikisource" /> Her sermons emphasized the Quaker [[inward light]] or the presence of the Divine within every individual, as preached by [[Elias Hicks]]. Mott and her husband followed Hicks' theology, which became the focus of a schism among Quakers who divided into either Hicksite or Orthodox.{{sfn|Bacon|1989|pp=92–93}} As a result, Mott served as clerk of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting and traveled in the Hicksite ministry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Mott Manuscripts {{!}} Archives & Manuscripts |url=https://archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/resources/mott |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu}}</ref> The Hicksites, the liberal branch, were sometimes considered to be [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] Quakers.<ref name="CT-obit" /> The Hicksites were more prone to be part of social reform moments, including [[abolitionism]] and the fight for women's rights. Other Hicksite Friends were [[Susan B. Anthony]] and [[Alice Paul]].{{sfn|Bacon|1989|pp=92–93}} Mott's sermons included her [[Free produce movement|free produce]] and other anti-slavery sentiments.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|pp=6–7, 110}} |
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Mott's theology was influenced by [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]] including [[Theodore Parker]] and [[William Ellery Channing]] as well as early Quakers including [[William Penn]]. She believed that "the kingdom of God is within man" (1749). Mott was among the religious liberals who formed the [[Free Religious Association]] in 1867, with Rabbi [[Isaac Mayer Wise]],{{Sfn|The Free Religious Association|1907|pp=30–31}} [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mace |first=Emily |title=Emerson and Religion |url=https://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/biographies/emerson-and-religion/ |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=Harvard Square Library |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== Abolitionist == |
== Abolitionist == |
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=== Early anti-slavery efforts === |
=== Early anti-slavery efforts === |
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[[File:AntiSlaverySocietyMarker.JPG|thumb|left|upright=.8|[[Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society]], N 5th & Arch Streets, [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]]]] |
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Mott, the "foremost white female abolitionist in the United States", called for the immediate and unconditional emancipation of enslaved people,<ref name="CT-obit" />{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=4}} after she visited Virginia in 1818.<ref name="NIE" /> Mott was also a [[William Lloyd Garrison|Garrisonian]], and like most [[Elias Hicks|Hicksite]] Quakers, considered slavery to be immoral and called for its immediate cessation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Woloch |first=Nancy |title=Women and the American Experience |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2006 |edition=4th |location=Boston |pages=156}}</ref> Inspired in part by minister [[Elias Hicks]], she and other Hicksite Quakers refused to use cotton cloth, cane sugar, and other slavery-produced goods.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blackmore |first=Willy |date=2019-08-14 |title=The Boycott's Abolitionist Roots |language=en-US |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/boycott-sugar-slavery-bds/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |issn=0027-8378}}</ref> In 1833, she and her husband helped found the [[American Anti-Slavery Society]].{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|pp=4, 64}} It was an organization for men, but she was invited to their first convention as a guest. She formed and was a leader of the Female Anti-Slavery Society, which merged with the male organization in 1839.<ref name="NIE" /> Mott, was also a founding member of the [[Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society]],{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=71}} and, with other white and black women, founded the [[Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society]].<ref name=":0" /> The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1833 by Mott and other Quaker abolitionists.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Woloch |first=Nancy |title=Women and the American Experience |publisher=McGraw Hill |year=2006 |edition=4th |pages=182}}</ref> Integrated from its founding, the organization opposed both slavery and racism and developed close ties to Philadelphia's Black community.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|pp=1, 4, 66–75}} Importantly, the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society was part of a growth in the number of women's antislavery groups that began to emerge in the 1830s.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, Mott and other female activists also organized [[anti-slavery fair]]s to raise awareness and revenue, providing much of the funding for the movement.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=169}}<ref name=":1" /> |
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[[File:1851 photograph of Philadelphia abolitionists, Pennsylvania Abolition Society fonded april 14th 1775.png|thumb|Philadelphia abolitionists, Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, 1851. Standing left to right are [[Mary Grew]], Edward M. Davis, Haworth Wetherald, [[Abigail Kimber]], [[James Miller McKim|Miller McKim]], and [[Sarah Pugh]]. Seated left to right are Oliver Johnson, [[Margaret Jones Burleigh]], Benjamin C. Bacon, [[Robert Purvis]], Mott, and [[James Mott]].]] |
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Like many Quakers, Mott considered slavery to be evil. Inspired in part by minister [[Elias Hicks]], she and other Quakers refused to use cotton cloth, cane sugar, and other slavery-produced goods. In 1821, Mott became [[Recorded Minister|a Quaker minister]]. With her husband's support, she traveled extensively as a minister, and her sermons emphasized the Quaker inward light, or the presence of the Divine within every individual. Her sermons also included her [[Free produce movement|free produce]] and anti-slavery sentiments. In 1833, her husband helped found the [[American Anti-Slavery Society]]. By then an experienced minister and abolitionist, Lucretia Mott was the only woman to speak at the organizational meeting in Philadelphia. She tested the language of the society's Constitution and bolstered support when many delegates were precarious. Days after the conclusion of the convention, at the urging of other delegates, Mott and other white and black women founded the [[Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society]]. Integrated from its founding, the organization opposed both slavery and racism, and developed close ties to Philadelphia's Black community. Mott herself often preached at Black parishes. Around this time, Mott's sister-in-law, Abigail Lydia Mott, and brother-in-law, [[Lindley Murray Moore]], were helping to found the [[Rochester Anti-Slavery Society]] (see [[Julia Griffiths]]). |
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Mott attended all three national [[Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women|Anti-Slavery Conventions of American Women]] (1837, 1838, 1839). During the 1838 convention in Philadelphia, a mob destroyed [[Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)|Pennsylvania Hall]], a newly opened meeting place built by abolitionists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Abolitionists: The Burning of Pennsylvania Hall {{!}} American Experience {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/abolitionists-burning-pennsylvania-hall/ |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=www.pbs.org |language=en}}</ref> Mott and the white and black women delegates linked arms to exit the building safely through the crowd. Afterward, the mob targeted her home and Black institutions and neighborhoods in Philadelphia. As a friend redirected the mob, Mott waited in her parlor, willing to face her violent opponents.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=79}} |
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Amidst social persecution by [[proslavery|abolition opponents]] and pain from [[dyspepsia]], Mott continued her work for the abolitionist cause. She managed their household budget to extend hospitality to guests, including [[fugitive slaves]], and donated to charities. Mott was praised for her ability to maintain her household while contributing to the cause. In the words of one editor, "She is proof that it is possible for a woman to widen her sphere without deserting it."{{Sfn|Bacon|1999|p=68}} Mott and other female activists also organized [[anti-slavery fair]]s to raise awareness and revenue, providing much of the funding for the movement.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=169}} |
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Amidst social persecution by [[proslavery|abolition opponents]] and pain from [[dyspepsia]], Mott continued her work for the abolitionist cause. She managed their household budget to extend hospitality to guests, including [[fugitive slaves]], and donated to charities. Mott was praised for her ability to maintain her household while contributing to the cause. In the words of one editor, "She is proof that it is possible for a woman to widen her sphere without deserting it."{{sfn|Bacon|1999|p=68}} |
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Women's participation in the anti-slavery movement threatened societal norms.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Many members of the abolitionist movement opposed public activities by women, especially public speaking. At the [[Congregational Church]] General Assembly, delegates agreed on a pastoral letter warning women that lecturing directly defied [[St. Paul]]'s instruction for women to keep quiet in church.([[1 Timothy 2:12]]) Other people opposed women's speaking to mixed crowds of men and women, which they called "promiscuous." Others were uncertain about what was proper, as the rising popularity of the [[Grimké sisters]] and other women speakers attracted support for abolition. |
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Mott attended all three national [[Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women|Anti-Slavery Conventions of American Women]] (1837, 1838, 1839). During the 1838 convention in Philadelphia, a mob destroyed [[Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)|Pennsylvania Hall]], a newly opened meeting place built by abolitionists. Mott and the white and black women delegates linked arms to exit the building safely through the crowd. Afterward, the mob targeted her home and Black institutions and neighborhoods in Philadelphia. As a friend redirected the mob, Mott waited in her parlor, willing to face her violent opponents.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=79}} |
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Mott was involved in a number of anti-slavery organizations, including the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society, the [[Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society]] (founded in 1838), the American Free Produce Association, and the American Anti-Slavery Society. |
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=== World's Anti-Slavery Convention === |
=== World's Anti-Slavery Convention === |
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{{main|World Anti-Slavery Convention}} |
{{main|World Anti-Slavery Convention}} |
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{{Anti-Slavery Society Convention 1840|align=right|size=400px|caption=1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention.{{Sfn|Haydon|1841}} Move your cursor to identify delegates or click the icon to enlarge}} |
{{Anti-Slavery Society Convention 1840|align=right|size=400px|caption=1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention.{{Sfn|Haydon|1841}} Move your cursor to identify delegates or click the icon to enlarge.}} |
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In June 1840, Mott attended the [[Anti-Slavery International#History|General Anti-Slavery Convention]], better known as the World's Anti-Slavery Convention, in London, England. |
In June 1840, Mott attended the [[Anti-Slavery International#History|General Anti-Slavery Convention]], better known as the World's Anti-Slavery Convention, in London, England. Despite Mott's status as one of six women delegates, before the conference began, the men voted to exclude the American women from participating, and the female delegates were required to sit in a segregated area. Anti-slavery leaders did not want the women's rights issue to become associated with the cause of ending slavery worldwide and dilute the focus on abolition.{{Sfn|Rodriguez|2011|pp=585–596}} In addition, the social mores of the time denied women's full participation in public political life.<ref name="Conkling" /> Even so, Mott "made many telling addresses" at the convention.<ref name="Wikisource" /> Several of the American men attending the convention, including [[William Lloyd Garrison]] and [[Wendell Phillips]], protested the women's exclusion.<ref name="Conkling">{{Cite book|title=Votes for women! : American suffragists and the battle for the ballot|last=Winifred|first=Conkling|isbn=978-1616207342|edition=|location=Chapel Hill, NC|page=27|oclc=1021069176|year= 2018}}</ref> Garrison, [[Nathaniel Peabody Rogers]], [[William Adam (minister)|William Adam]], and African American activist [[Charles Lenox Remond]] sat with the women in the segregated area.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=97}} Activists [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] and her husband [[Henry Brewster Stanton]] attended the convention while on their honeymoon. Stanton admired Mott, and the two women became united as friends and allies.{{Sfn|McMillen|2008|pp=72–75}} |
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One Irish reporter deemed her the "Lioness of the Convention".{{sfn|Bacon|1999|p=92}} Mott was among the women included in the commemorative painting of the convention, which also featured female British activists: [[Elizabeth Pease Nichol|Elizabeth Pease]], [[Mary Anne Rawson]], [[Anne Knight]], [[John Harfield Tredgold|Elizabeth Tredgold]] and Mary Clarkson, daughter of [[Thomas Clarkson]].{{Sfn|Haydon|1840}} Benjamin Haydon, the painting's creator, had intended to give Mott a prominent place in the painting. However, during a sitting on June 29, 1840, to capture her likeness, he took a dislike to her views and decided to not use her portrait prominently.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NPG 599; The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840 – Portrait Extended – National Portrait Gallery|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portraitExtended/mw00028/The-Anti-Slavery-Society-Convention-1840|access-date=December 12, 2020|website=www.npg.org.uk}}</ref> |
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Activists [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] and her husband [[Henry Stanton|Henry B. Stanton]] attended the convention while on their honeymoon. Stanton admired Mott, and the two women became united as friends and allies. |
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===Underground Railroad and other activities=== |
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One Irish reporter deemed her the "Lioness of the Convention".{{Sfn|Bacon|1999|p=92}} Mott was among the women included in the commemorative painting of the convention, which also featured female British activists: [[Elizabeth Pease Nichol|Elizabeth Pease]], [[Mary Anne Rawson]], [[Anne Knight]], [[John Harfield Tredgold|Elizabeth Tredgold]] and Mary Clarkson, daughter of [[Thomas Clarkson]].{{Sfn|Haydon|1840}} |
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Encouraged by active debates in England and Scotland,<ref name="Still" /> and the passage of the [[Fugitive Slave Act of 1850]],<ref name="WLG letters" /> Mott also returned with new energy for the anti-slavery cause in the United States. She and her husband allowed their Philadelphia-area home, called Roadside, in the district now known as [[La Mott, Pennsylvania|La Mott]], to be used as a stop on the [[Underground Railroad]].<ref name="Still">{{cite book |last1=Still |first1=William |title=The Underground Railroad |date=1872 |publisher=Ryerson University |location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada |edition=Pressbooks |url=https://pressbooks.library.ryerson.ca/theundergroundrailroad/ |access-date=April 18, 2022 |chapter="Lucretia Mott" |quote=Of all the women who served the Anti-slavery cause in its darkest days, there is not one whose labors were more effective, whose character is nobler, and who is more universally respected and beloved, than Lucretia Mott. You cannot speak of the slave without remembering her, who did so much to make Slavery impossible.}}</ref> She continued an active public lecture schedule, with destinations including the major Northern cities of [[New York City]] and [[Boston]], as well as travel over several weeks to slave-owning states, with speeches in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] and other cities in [[Virginia]]. She arranged to meet with slave owners to discuss the morality of slavery. In the [[District of Columbia]], Mott timed her lecture to coincide with the return of [[US Congress|Congress]] from Christmas recess; more than 40 Congressmen attended. She had a personal audience with President [[John Tyler]] who, impressed with her speech, said, "I would like to hand [[John C. Calhoun|Mr. Calhoun]] over to you", referring to the [[United States Senate|senator]] and abolition opponent.{{Sfn|Bacon|1999|p=105}}{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=112}} |
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In 1855, with several other female abolitionists, Mott participated in the transportation of [[Jane Johnson (slave)|Jane Johnson]], an enslaved woman, to Boston after Johnson, with the aid of [[William Still]], [[Passmore Williamson]] and others, had emancipated herself, while passing through Philadelphia on a trip from North Carolina to New York with her master, in accordance with Pennsylvania law.<ref>Carol Faulkner, Lucretia Mott's Heresy: Abolition and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-century America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 165-167.</ref> |
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Encouraged by active debates in England and Scotland, Mott also returned with new energy for the anti-slavery cause in the United States. She continued an active public lecture schedule, with destinations including the major Northern cities of [[New York City]] and [[Boston]], as well as travel over several weeks to slave-owning states, with speeches in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] and other cities in [[Virginia]]. She arranged to meet with slave owners to discuss the morality of slavery. In the [[District of Columbia]], Mott timed her lecture to coincide with the return of [[US Congress|Congress]] from Christmas recess; more than 40 Congressmen attended. She had a personal audience with President [[John Tyler]] who, impressed with her speech, said, "I would like to hand [[John C. Calhoun|Mr. Calhoun]] over to you",{{Sfn|Bacon|1999|p=105}} referring to the [[United States Senate|senator]] and abolition opponent. |
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== Women's rights == |
== Women's rights == |
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=== Overview === |
=== Overview === |
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[[File:Women's Rights National Historical Park (59224744-0421-4f77-86b9-61d3c6c8de85).jpg|thumb|Sculptor Lloyd Lillie's "The First Wave" statues in the [[Women's Rights National Historical Park]] Visitor Center. On the far left are [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] and [[Frederick Douglass]] (with Lucretia Mott and [[James Mott]] not visible behind them); of the two women in the front, the one on the right is [[Martha Coffin Wright]]; the man and woman standing together in the rear are [[Thomas M'Clintock]] and [[Mary Ann M'Clintock]]. The others are unidentified.]] |
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Mott and Cady Stanton became well acquainted at the World's Anti-Slavery Convention. Cady Stanton later recalled that they first discussed the possibility of a women's rights convention in London. |
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Women's rights activists advocated a range of issues, including equality in marriage, such as women's property rights and rights to their earnings. At that time, it was very difficult to obtain a divorce, and fathers were almost always granted custody of children. Cady Stanton sought to make divorce easier to obtain and to safeguard women's access to and control of their children. Though some early feminists disagreed, and viewed Cady Stanton's proposal as scandalous, Mott stated "her great faith in Elizabeth Stanton's quick instinct & clear insight in all appertaining to women's rights."{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=160}} |
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Women's rights activists advocated a range of issues, including equality in marriage, such as women's property rights and rights to their earnings. At that time it was very difficult to obtain divorce, and fathers were almost always granted custody of children. Cady Stanton sought to make divorce easier to obtain and to safeguard women's access to and control of their children. Though some early feminists disagreed, and viewed Cady Stanton's proposal as scandalous, Mott stated "her great faith in Elizabeth Stanton's quick instinct & clear insight in all appertaining to women's rights."{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=160}} |
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Mott's theology was influenced by [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]] including [[Theodore Parker]] and [[William Ellery Channing]] as well as early Quakers including [[William Penn]]. She thought that "the kingdom of God is within man" (1749) and was part of the group of religious liberals who formed the [[Free Religious Association]] in 1867, with Rabbi [[Isaac Mayer Wise]],<ref>{{cite book | title = Proceedings at the Fortieth Annual Meeting of the Free Religious Association | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GC4NAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA31&ots=grlLdyX1og&dq=%22Free%20Religious%20Association%22%20wise&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q=wise&f=false | publisher = Adams & Company | location = Boston | date = 1907 | pages = 30–31 }}</ref> [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] and [[Thomas Wentworth Higginson]]. Her theological position was particularly influential among Quakers, as in the future many harked back to her positions, sometimes without even knowing it.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}. |
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Lucretia Mott was brought up in the Quaker tradition and many of her beliefs derived from her faith. As such, she rejected Christian beliefs which held that Christian scripture condoned slavery and gender inequality. In a speech Mott Said "The laws given on Mount Sinai for the government of man and woman were equal, the precepts of Jesus make no distinction. Those who read the Scriptures, and judge for themselves, not resting satisfied with the perverted application of the text, do not find the distinction, that theology and ecclesiastical authorities have made, in the condition of the sexes."<ref>{{Cite web |title=God In America - People - Lucretia Mott |url=http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/lucretia-mott.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=God in America |language=en}}</ref> |
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In 1866, Mott joined with Stanton, Anthony, and Stone to establish the American Equal Rights Association. The following year, the organization became active in Kansas where black suffrage and woman suffrage were to be decided by popular vote, and it was then that Stanton and Anthony formed a political alliance with Train, leading to Mott's resignation. Kansas failed to pass both referenda. |
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Mott was a founder and president of the Northern Association for the Relief and Employment of Poor Women in Philadelphia (founded in 1846). |
Mott was a founder and president of the Northern Association for the Relief and Employment of Poor Women in Philadelphia (founded in 1846).{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=117}} In 1850, Mott published her speech ''Discourse on Woman'', a pamphlet about restrictions on women in the United States.{{Sfn|Mott|1849}} |
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=== Seneca Falls Convention === |
=== Seneca Falls Convention === |
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{{Main|Seneca Falls Convention}} |
{{Main|Seneca Falls Convention}} |
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In 1848, Mott and Cady Stanton organized |
In 1848, Mott and Cady Stanton organized the [[Seneca Falls Convention]], the first women's rights convention, at [[Seneca Falls (CDP), New York|Seneca Falls, New York]].<ref name="MS mag" />{{Sfn|McMillen|2008|pp=2–3}} Stanton's resolution that it was "the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves the sacred right to the elective franchise" was passed despite Mott's opposition. Mott viewed politics as corrupted by slavery and moral compromises, but she soon concluded that women's "right to the elective franchise however, is the same, and should be yielded to her, whether she exercises that right or not."{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=147}} Noted abolitionist and human rights activist [[Frederick Douglass]] was in attendance and played a key role in persuading the other attendees to agree to a resolution calling for women's suffrage.{{Sfn|National Portrait Gallery, The Seneca Falls Convention}} Mott signed the Seneca Falls [[Declaration of Sentiments]].<ref name="DoS">{{Cite web |title=Declaration of Sentiments – Women's Rights National Historical Park |url=https://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/declaration-of-sentiments.htm |access-date=2023-04-07 |website=National Park Service |language=en}}</ref> |
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Despite Mott's opposition to electoral politics, her fame had reached into the political arena |
Despite Mott's opposition to electoral politics, her fame had reached into the political arena. During the June 1848 [[National Convention]] of the [[Liberty Party (United States, 1840)|Liberty Party]], 5 voting delegates cast their ballots for Lucretia Mott to be their party's candidate for the Office of U.S. Vice President,{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=138}} making her the first woman to run for that position.<ref name="MS mag">{{Cite magazine |last=Terrell |first=Cynthia Richie |date=2021-01-20 |title=172 Years After the First Woman Ran, Kamala Harris Breaks the Executive Branch's Glass Ceiling |url=https://msmagazine.com/2021/01/20/kamala-harris-woman-president-vice-president-glass-ceiling-lucretia-mott-shirley-chisholm/ |magazine=MS Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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=== ''Sermon to the Medical Students'' === |
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Over the next few decades, [[women's suffrage]] became the focus of the women's rights movement. While Cady Stanton is usually credited as the leader of that effort, it was Mott's mentoring of Cady Stanton and their work together that inspired the event. Mott's sister, [[Martha Coffin Wright]], also helped organize the convention and signed the declaration. |
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The biological justifications of race as a biologically provable basis for difference gave rise to the stigma of innate, naturally determined inferiority in the 19th century. In 1849, Mott's "Sermon to the Medical Students" was published:{{Sfn|Soriso|2002}}{{Sfn|Lockard}} |
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<blockquote>"May you be faithful, and enter into a consideration as to how far you are partakers in this evil, even in other men's sins. How far, by permission, by apology, or otherwise, you are found lending your sanction to a system which degrades and brutalizes three million of our fellow beings."</blockquote> |
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Noted abolitionist and human rights activist [[Frederick Douglass]] was in attendance and played a key role<ref>{{cite web |title=The Seneca Falls Convention |url=http://www.npg.si.edu/col/seneca/senfalls1.htm | website = npg.si.edu | accessdate = 6 March 2014 }}</ref> in persuading the other attendees to agree to a resolution calling for women's suffrage. |
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=== American Equal Rights Association === |
=== American Equal Rights Association === |
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[[File:Lucretia Mott, lecturer, woman suffragist - DPLA - 6528dc9bdb79f6e2cfbc95b39a197fd6 (page 1).jpg|thumb|upright=.9|alt=Photograph of Lucretia Mott wearing a pale bonnet and shawl and facing the camera.|Lucretia Mott, c. 1859–1870, Carte de Visite Collection, Boston Public Library.]] |
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In 1866, after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], the [[American Equal Rights Association]] was founded, with Mott serving as the first president of the integrated organization.{{Sfn|Faulkner|2011|p=160}} The following year, Mott and Stanton became active in Kansas where black suffrage and woman suffrage were to be decided by popular vote. The Equal Rights Association, with male and female members, favored male suffrage. Stanton and Anthony formed the [[National Woman's Suffrage Association]] for women only.{{sfn|Bacon|1989|p=127}} |
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== Educational institutions == |
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=== ''Discourse on Women'' === |
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Intending to create educational opportunities for women, Mott helped found the [[Female Medical College of Pennsylvania]] and [[Swarthmore College]] in [[Swarthmore, Pennsylvania]] (near Philadelphia). She was a fund-raiser for the [[Philadelphia School of Design for Women]].{{sfn|Bacon|1989|p=151}} |
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== Pacifism == |
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In 1849, Mott's "Sermon to the Medical Students" was published.<ref>{{cite web | title = A Sermon to the Medical Students | url = http://antislavery.eserver.org/religious/mottsermon/ | date = 1849 |website = anti-slavery.org }}</ref> In 1850, Mott published her speech ''Discourse on Woman'', a pamphlet about restrictions on women in the United States.<ref>{{cite web | last = Mott | first = Lucretia | title = Votes for Women: Selections from the National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection, 1848-1921, "Discourse on woman" | url = http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/nawbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(rbnawsa+n2748)) | website = [[American Memory]] | publisher = [[Library of Congress]] }}</ref> |
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Mott was a pacifist, and in the 1830s, she attended meetings of the [[New England Non-Resistance Society]].<ref name="UPUR" /> For several years, she was president of the Pennsylvania Peace Society.<ref name="Wikisource" /> She opposed the [[Mexican–American War|War with Mexico]] (1846–1848). After the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Mott increased her efforts to end war and violence, and she was a leading voice in the [[Universal Peace Union]], founded in 1866.<ref name="UPUR">{{cite web|url=https://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/DG026-050/DG038UPU.html|title=Universal Peace Union Records, Collection: DG 038 – Swarthmore College Peace Collection|website=swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/|access-date=July 4, 2018|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308224615/https://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/DG026-050/DG038UPU.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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== |
== Legacy == |
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{{Infobox designation list |
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| embed = |
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| designation1 = Pennsylvania |
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| designation1_offname = Lucretia C. Mott |
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| designation1_type = Roadside |
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| designation1_criteria = Civil Rights, Government & Politics, Government & Politics 19th Century, Religion, Underground Railroad, Women |
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| designation1_date = May 1, 1974 |
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| delisted1_date = |
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| designation1_partof = |
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| designation1_number = |
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| designation1_free1name = Location |
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| designation1_free1value = [[Pennsylvania Route 611]] at Latham Pkwy., N of [[Cheltenham Avenue|Cheltenham Ave.]], [[Elkins Park, Pennsylvania|Elkins Park]] |
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| designation1_free2name = Marker Text |
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| designation1_free2value = <small>Nearby stood "Roadside," the home of the ardent Quakeress, Lucretia C. Mott (1793–1880). Her most notable work was in connection with antislavery, women's rights, temperance, and peace.</small> |
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| designation1_free3name = |
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| designation1_free3value = |
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}} |
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[[Susan Jacoby]] wrote, "When Mott died in 1880, she was widely judged by her contemporaries - even many who had opposed her brand of [[abolitionism]] and who continued to oppose equal rights for women - as the greatest American woman of the nineteenth century."{{Sfn|Jacoby|2005|p=95}} |
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In 1864, Mott and several other [[Elias Hicks|Hicksite Quakers]] incorporated [[Swarthmore College]] near Philadelphia, which remains one of the premier [[liberal-arts college]]s in the country.<ref>{{cite web | title = 1860 Founders and the Quaker Tradition | url = http://swat150.swarthmore.edu/1860-founders-and-the-quaker-tradition.html | publisher = [[Swarthmore College]] }}</ref> |
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The first volume of ''[[History of Woman Suffrage]]'', published in 1881, states, “THESE VOLUMES ARE AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED TO THE Memory of [[Mary Wollstonecraft]], [[Frances Wright]], Lucretia Mott, [[Harriet Martineau]], [[Lydia Maria Child]], [[Margaret Fuller]], [[Sarah Moore Grimké|Sarah]] and [[Angelina Grimké]], [[Josephine Sophia White Griffing|Josephine S. Griffing]], [[Martha Coffin Wright|Martha C. Wright]], [[Harriot Kezia Hunt|Harriot K. Hunt]], M.D., [[Mariana W. Johnson]], [[Alice Cary|Alice]] and [[Phoebe Cary|Phebe Carey]], [[Ann Preston]], M.D., [[Lydia Mott (activist)|Lydia Mott]], [[Eliza Farnham|Eliza W. Farnham]], [[Lydia Folger Fowler|Lydia F. Fowler]], M.D., [[Paulina Wright Davis]], Whose Earnest Lives and Fearless Words, in Demanding Political Rights for Women, have been, in the Preparation of these Pages, a Constant Inspiration TO The Editors”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/28020/pg28020-images.html|title=History of Woman Suffrage, Volume I|website=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref> |
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The Camp Town section of [[Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania]], which was the site of [[Camp William Penn]], and of Mott's home, Roadside, was renamed [[La Mott, Pennsylvania|La Mott]] in her honor in 1885.<ref name="La Mott">{{cite web |title=Cheltenham Township: La Mott Historic District |url=https://www.cheltenhamtownship.org/pView.aspx?id=3004&catid=25 |access-date=October 17, 2020}}</ref> |
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== Pacificist == |
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[[File:PortraitMonument.jpg|thumb|The ''[[Portrait Monument]]'' in the [[U.S. Capitol rotunda]], by [[Adelaide Johnson]] (1921), features (left to right) suffrage leaders [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]], [[Susan B. Anthony]], and Mott.]] |
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Mott was a pacifist, and in the 1830s, she attended meetings of the [[New England Non-Resistance Society]]. She opposed the War with Mexico. After the Civil War, Mott increased her efforts to end war and violence, and she was a leading voice in the [[Universal Peace Union]], founded in 1866.{{Citation needed|date= November 2015}}. |
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Mott is commemorated along with [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] and [[Susan B. Anthony]] in ''[[Portrait Monument]]'', a 1921 sculpture by [[Adelaide Johnson]] at the [[United States Capitol]]. Originally kept on display in the crypt of the US Capitol, the sculpture was moved to its current location and more prominently displayed in the rotunda in 1997.{{Sfn|Architect of the Capitol}} |
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A version of the [[Equal Rights Amendment]] from 1923, which differs from the current text, was named the Lucretia Mott Amendment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/lucretia-mott.htm.|title="Lucretia Mott" National Park Service|website=National Park Service|publisher=United States Government|access-date=March 21, 2016}}</ref> That draft read, "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."<ref>{{cite web|title=Who was Alice Paul|url=http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul/|website=Alice Paul Institute|access-date=February 2, 2016|archive-date=September 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909083624/http://www.alicepaul.org/who-was-alice-paul/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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== Personal life == |
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[[File:Lucretia and James Mott.png|right|thumb|upright|alt=Daguerreotype portrait of Lucretia and James Mott sitting together|James and Lucretia Mott, 1842]] |
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On April 10, 1811, Lucretia Coffin married [[James Mott]] at Pine Street Meeting in Philadelphia. They had six children. Their second child, Thomas Mott, died at age two. Their surviving children all became active in the anti-slavery and other reform movements, following in their parents' paths. Her great-granddaughter [[May Hallowell Loud]] became an artist. |
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[[File:Progress of Women issue of 1948, 3c.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|U.S.[[commemorative stamp]] of 1948, [[Seneca Falls Convention]] titled ''100 Years of Progress of Women: 1848–1948''. From left to right, Stanton, [[Carrie Chapman Catt]], Lucretia Mott.]] |
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Mott died on November 11, 1880 of pneumonia at her home, Roadside, in [[Cheltenham, Pennsylvania]]. She was buried in the Quaker Fairhill Burial Ground in North Philadelphia. |
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The [[United States Post Office]] issued a stamp titled ''100 Years of Progress of Women: 1848–1948'' in 1948 on the centennial of the [[Seneca Falls Convention]], featuring [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]], [[Carrie Chapman Catt]], and Lucretia Mott. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton on left, Carrie Chapman Catt in middle, Lucretia Mott on right.)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4RPCssvpWlQC&pg=PA120 |title=Postage Stamps of the United States: An Illustrated Description of All United States Postage and Special Service Stamps Issued by the Post Office Department from July 1, 1847 to December 31, 1965 |date=1966 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=120–121 |language=en}}</ref> |
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Mott's great-granddaughter served briefly as the Italian interpreter for [[United States|American]] [[Feminism|feminist]] [[Betty Friedan]] during a controversial speaking engagement in Rome.{{Sfn|Friedan|2001|p=221}} |
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In 1983, Mott was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/lucretia-mott/|title=Mott, Lucretia|website=National Women’s Hall of Fame}}</ref> |
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== Legacy == |
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[[File:LMott1948.jpeg|thumb|right|alt=United States postage stamp featuring Elizabeth Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Lucretia Mott, with caption: 100 years of progress of women, 1848-1948|U.S. postage stamp commemorating the Seneca Falls Convention titled ''100 Years of Progress of Women: 1848–1948'' (Elizabeth Cady Stanton on left, Carrie Chapman Catt in middle, Lucretia Mott on right.)]] |
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In 2005, Mott was inducted into the [[National Abolition Hall of Fame]], in [[Peterboro, New York]]. |
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[[Susan Jacoby]] writes, "When Mott died in 1880, she was widely judged by her contemporaries... as the greatest American woman of the nineteenth century." She was a mentor to [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]], who continued her work.{{Sfn|Jacoby|2005|p=95}} |
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In 2015, P.S. 215 Lucretia Mott, in [[Queens]], [[New York City]], closed; it was named for her.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insideschools.org/school/27Q215|title=P.S. 215 Lucretia Mott – District 27 – InsideSchools|website=insideschools.org}}</ref> |
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A stamp was issued in 1948 in remembrance of the [[Seneca Falls Convention]], featuring [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]], [[Carrie Chapman Catt]], and Lucretia Mott. |
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The [[United States Department of the Treasury|U.S. Treasury Department]] announced in 2016 that an image of Mott will appear on the back of a newly designed $10 bill along with [[Sojourner Truth]], [[Susan B. Anthony]], [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]], [[Alice Paul]] and the [[1913 Woman Suffrage Procession]]. Designs for new $5, $10 and $20 bills will be unveiled in 2020 in conjunction with the 100th anniversary of American women winning the right to vote via the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Nineteenth Amendment]].{{Sfn|US Department of the Treasury}}{{Sfn|Korte|2016}} |
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Mott is commemorated in a sculpture by [[Pablo Picasso]] at the [[Carrier Dome, Syracuse]], unveiled in 1997. |
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The Lucretia Mott School in Washington D.C. was named after her.{{Sfn|The Washington Post Staff|1909}} |
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Mott is commemorated along with [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] and [[Susan B. Anthony]] in a sculpture by [[Adelaide Johnson]] at the [[United States Capitol]], unveiled in 1921. Originally kept on display in the crypt of the US Capitol, the sculpture was moved to its current location and more prominently displayed in the rotunda in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/suffrage.cfm|title=Architect of the Capitol; Portrait Monument of Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony|publisher=}}</ref> |
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The Lucretia Mott room in the [[Friends House]] in [[London]] is named after her, as is the Lucretia Mott room in the Friends Center in [[Philadelphia]], and the Lucretia Mott room in [[Swarthmore College]] (formerly called the conference room Parrish E 254).<ref>{{cite web |title=Meeting Rooms |url=https://www.friendshouse.co.uk/meeting-rooms/ |website=Friends House |access-date=January 3, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.friendscentercorp.org/event-space/room-descriptions/which-room-best-fits-your-needs/the-lucretia-mott-room/|title=The Lucretia Mott Room – Friends Center}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swarthmorephoenix.com/2017/11/02/lucretia-mott-far-more-than-a-founder/|title=Lucretia Mott: far more than a founder - The Phoenix|first=Shreya|last=Chattopadhyay|date=November 2, 2017}}</ref> |
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The Lucretia Mott School in Washington D.C. was named for her.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 9, 1909 |title=Mott School Completed |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7918849/mott_school_completed_the_washington/}}</ref> |
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=== Ten dollar bill === |
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On April 20, 2016 [[Treasury Secretary]] [[Jacob Lew]] announced that several denominations of United States currency would be redesigned prior to 2020, the 100th anniversary of the 19th Amendment. The newly designed $10 bill will include images which will pay homage to the [[women's suffrage]] movement and feature the images of Mott, [[Sojourner Truth]], [[Susan B. Anthony]], [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]], [[Alice Paul]], and the [[1913 Woman Suffrage Procession]].{{Sfn|US Department of the Treasury}{{Sfn|Korte|2016}} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{Div col}} |
{{Div col}} |
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*[[History of feminism]] |
* [[History of feminism]] |
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*[[Jane Johnson (slave)]] |
* [[Jane Johnson (slave)]] |
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*[[List of suffragists and suffragettes]] |
* [[List of suffragists and suffragettes]] |
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* [[List of civil rights leaders]] |
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*[[Suffragette]] |
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*[[Women's Social and Political Union]] |
* [[Suffragette]] |
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* [[Women's Social and Political Union]] |
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*[[Women's suffrage in the United States]] |
* [[Women's suffrage in the United States]] |
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{{Div col end}} |
{{Div col end}} |
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== Notes == |
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{{Notelist}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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=== Citations === |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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=== General and cited references === |
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== Sources == |
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* {{cite web|author=Architect of the Capitol|url=http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/rotunda/suffrage.cfm|title= Portrait Monument of Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony|publisher=Architect of the Capitol|location=Washington, D.C.}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Bacon | first = Margaret Hope | author-link = Margaret Hope Bacon | title = Valiant friend: the life of Lucretia Mott | publisher = Quaker Press of Friends General Conference |year=1999| location = New York, New York | isbn = 9781888305111|ref={{SfnRef|Bacon}}}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |last=Bacon |first=Margaret Hope | author-link = Margaret Hope Bacon |url=http://archive.org/details/mothersoffeminis00marg |title=Mothers of feminism : the story of Quaker women in America |date=1989 |publisher=San Francisco : Harper & Row |isbn=978-0062500465|ref={{SfnRef|Bacon|1989}}}} |
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* {{ |
* {{cite book | last = Bacon | first = Margaret Hope | title = Valiant friend: the life of Lucretia Mott | publisher = Quaker Press of Friends General Conference |year=1999| location = New York | isbn = 978-1888305111|ref={{SfnRef|Bacon|1999}}}} |
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* {{cite book|author=Faulkner, Carol|title=Lucretia Mott's Heresy: Abolition and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOvvDbNNfbkC&pg=PA8|date= 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0812205008|ref={{SfnRef|Faulkner|2011}}}} |
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* {{cite web | last = Haydon | first = Benjamin Robert | author-link = Benjamin Haydon | title = The anti-slavery society convention | url = http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp00224&rNo=0&role=sit | year = 1840 | access-date = 19 July 2008 |ref={{SfnRef|Haydon|1840}}}} |
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* {{cite book |author=The Free Religious Association| title = Proceedings at the Fortieth Annual Meeting of the Free Religious Association | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GC4NAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA30 | publisher = Adams & Company | location = Boston | date = 1907 | pages = 30–31}} |
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?search=ap&npgno=599&eDate=&lDate= |title=The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840|last=Haydon|first=Benjamin Robert|year=1841|website=[[National Portrait Gallery, London]]|quote= NPG599, Given by [[Anti-Slavery International|British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society]] in 1880|ref={{SfnRef|Haydon|1841}}}} |
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* {{ |
* {{citation | last = Friedan | first = Betty | author-link = Betty Friedan | contribution = The enemies without and the enemies within | editor-last = Friedan | editor-first = Betty | editor-link = Betty Friedan | title = Life so far | page = 221 | publisher = [[Simon & Schuster|Touchstone]] | location = New York | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0743200240}} |
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* {{cite web | last = Haydon | first = Benjamin Robert | author-link = Benjamin Haydon | title = The anti-slavery society convention | url = http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?LinkID=mp00224&rNo=0&role=sit | year = 1840 | access-date = July 19, 2008 | archive-date = March 3, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165117/http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?LinkID=mp00224&rNo=0&role=sit | url-status = dead }} |
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* {{Cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/04/20/report-lew-considered-anthony-10-bill/83274530/|title=Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill|last=Korte|first=Gregory|date=21 April 2016|website=USA Today|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-07|ref={{SfnRef|Korte|2016}}}} |
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* {{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait.php?search=ap&npgno=599&eDate=&lDate= |title=The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840|last=Haydon|first=Benjamin Robert|year=1841|website=[[National Portrait Gallery, London]]|quote= NPG599, Given by [[Anti-Slavery International|British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society]] in 1880}} |
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* {{citation | last = Rodriguez | first = Junius P. | contribution = Entries, O-W | editor-last = Rodriguez | editor-first = Junius P. | title = Slavery in the modern world: a history of political, social, and economic oppression | pages = | publisher = ABC-CLIO, LCC | location = Santa Barbara, California | year = 2011 | isbn = 9781851097883 | ref ={{SfnRef|Rodriguez|2011}}}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Jacoby | first = Susan | title = Freethinkers: a history of American secularism | publisher = Metropolitan/Owl | page = [https://archive.org/details/freethinkershist00jaco_1/page/95 95] | location = New York | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-0805077766 | url = https://archive.org/details/freethinkershist00jaco_1/page/95}} |
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* {{Cite web|url=https://modernmoney.treasury.gov/new-bills/10-bill |work=US Department of the Treasury|title=The New $10 Note|date=2016|ref={{SfnRef|US Department of the Treasury}}}} |
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* {{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/04/20/report-lew-considered-anthony-10-bill/83274530/|title=Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill|last=Korte|first=Gregory|date=April 21, 2016|website=USA Today|access-date=August 7, 2016}} |
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* {{cite web |first=Joe |last=Lockard |title=A Sermon to the Medical Students, 1849 |url=http://antislavery.eserver.org/religious/mottsermon/ |website=The Antislavery Literature Project |access-date=June 18, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324035804/http://antislavery.eserver.org/religious/mottsermon |archive-date=March 24, 2011 |url-status=dead}} |
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* {{cite book | last = McMillen | first = Sally Gregory | title = Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women's Rights Movement| url = https://archive.org/details/senecafallsorigi00mcmi | url-access = registration |publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0195182651}} |
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* {{cite web | last = Mott | first = Lucretia | title = Discourse on Woman | work=National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection | url = http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/nawbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(rbnawsa+n2748))|date=December 17, 1849 | publisher = [[American Memory]], [[Library of Congress]]}} |
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* {{cite web|title=The Seneca Falls Convention |url=http://www.npg.si.edu/col/seneca/senfalls1.htm |website=National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution |access-date=March 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603012043/http://npg.si.edu/col/seneca/senfalls1.htm |archive-date=June 3, 2013 |ref={{SfnRef|National Portrait Gallery, The Seneca Falls Convention}} |url-status=dead}} |
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* {{citation | last = Rodriguez | first = Junius P. | contribution = Entries, O–W | editor-last = Rodriguez | editor-first = Junius P. | title = Slavery in the modern world: a history of political, social, and economic oppression | publisher = ABC-CLIO, LCC | location = Santa Barbara, California | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1851097883}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Soriso|first=Carolyn|title=Fleshing Out America: Race, Gender, and the Politics of the Body in American Literature 1833–1879|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2002}} |
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* {{Cite web|url= https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl0436.aspx |publisher=US Department of the Treasury |title=Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman, Lays Out Plans for New $20, $10 and $5|date=April 20, 2016| access-date=December 11, 2017|ref={{SfnRef|US Department of the Treasury}}}} |
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* {{cite news |author=The Washington Post Staff|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 9, 1909 |title=Mott School Completed |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7918849/mott_school_completed_the_washington/}} |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
||
* {{cite book | last = |
* {{cite book | last = Cromwell | first = Otelia | author-link = Otelia Cromwell | title = Lucretia Mott | url = https://archive.org/details/lucretiamott00crom | url-access = registration | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 1958 | oclc = 757626}} |
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* {{cite book | |
* {{cite book | last1 = Mott | first1 = Lucretia | editor-last = Greene | editor-first = Dana | title = Lucretia Mott, her complete speeches and sermons | publisher = The Edwin Mellen Press | location = New York | year = 1980 | isbn = 978-0889469686}} |
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* {{cite book | last1 = Mott | first1 = Lucretia |
* {{cite book | last1 = Mott | first1 = Lucretia | editor-last = Hallowell | editor-first = Anna Davis | title = James and Lucretia Mott | year = 1884 | publisher = Houghton, Mifflin and Company | location = Boston | url = https://archive.org/details/jamesandlucreti00hallgoog| quote = life and letters.}} |
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* {{cite book | last = Hare | first = Lloyd C. M. | title = The Greatest American Woman, Lucretia Mott | publisher = The American Historical Society | location = New York | year = 1937 | oclc = 1811544}} |
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* {{cite book | last1 = Mott | first1 = Lucretia (author) | last2 = Hallowell | first2 = Anna Davis (editor) | title = James and Lucretia Mott | year = 1884 | publisher = Houghton, Mifflin and Company | location = Boston | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v4cq8Npns74C&printsec=frontcover&dq=life+and+letters&lr=&as_brr=1#PPP11,M2}} |
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* {{cite book | |
* {{cite book | last1 = Mott | first1 = Lucretia | last2 = Palmer | first2 = Beverly Wilson | title = Selected letters of Lucretia Coffin Mott | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0252026744}} |
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* {{cite book | last1 = Mott | first1 = Lucretia (author) | last2 = Palmer | first2 = Beverly Wilson | title = Selected letters of Lucretia Coffin Mott | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana, Illinois | year = 2002 | isbn = 9780252026744 }} |
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* {{cite web | last = Unger | first = Nancy C. | title = Mott, Lucretia Coffin | url = http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00494.html | publisher = American National Biography Online | date = February 2000}} |
* {{cite web | last = Unger | first = Nancy C. | title = Mott, Lucretia Coffin | url = http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00494.html | publisher = American National Biography Online | date = February 2000}} |
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* [https://books.google.com/books?id=SCbkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT75 Lucretia Coffin Mott], ''Discourse on Woman'', 1849 (From a book, Chapter 6, without pagination, continuous text), via [[Google Books]] |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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{{Sister project links |auto=yes}} |
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{{Commons category|Lucretia Mott}} |
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* [http://archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/resources/mott Mott Manuscripts] held at [https://www.swarthmore.edu/friends-historical-library Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College] |
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*[http://www.mott.pomona.edu/mott1.htm About Lucretia Coffin Mott], Lucretia Coffin Mott Chronology |
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*[http://www.nps.gov/wori/learn/historyculture/lucretia-mott.htm Lucretia Mott], Women's Rights, National Historical Park, New York, National Park Service |
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*[http://www.biography.com/people/lucretia-mott-9416590 Lucretia Mott Biography], Civil Rights Activist, Women's Rights Activist (1793–1880), biography.com |
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*[http://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/lucretia-mott Lucretia Mott], history.com |
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*[http://www.mott.pomona.edu/index.htm The Lucretia Mott Papers] |
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*[http://www.civilwar.si.edu/slavery_mott1.html Lucretia Mott's biography from the Smithsonian] |
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*[http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=112 Biography on the National Women's Hall of Fame site] |
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*[http://www.theliberatorfiles.com/category/mott-lucretia/ The Liberator Files], Items concerning Lucretia Mott from Horace Seldon's collection and summary of research of William Lloyd Garrison's ''The Liberator'' original copies at the Boston Public Library, Boston, Massachusetts. |
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* {{Find a Grave|744|Lucretia Mott|work=Quaker Abolitionist, Suffragist, and Educator|date=Jan 1, 2001|accessdate=Aug 18, 2011}} |
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* [https://books.google.de/books?id=SCbkCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT75&hl=de&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false Lucretia Coffin Mott], ''Discourse on woman'', 1849 (From a book, Chapter 6, without pagination, '''continuous text'''), in [[google books]] |
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{{Religious Society of Friends}} |
{{Religious Society of Friends}} |
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{{Cheltenham}} |
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{{National Women's Hall of Fame}} |
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}} |
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{{Suffrage}} |
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Revision as of 18:39, 10 December 2024
Lucretia Mott | |
---|---|
Born | Lucretia Coffin January 3, 1793 Nantucket, Massachusetts, U.S. |
Died | November 11, 1880 | (aged 87)
Occupations |
|
Spouse | |
Children | 6 |
Relatives | Martha Coffin Wright (sister) Eliza Wright Osborne (niece) Mayhew Folger (maternal uncle) Levi Coffin (cousin) |
Lucretia Mott (née Coffin; January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an American Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and social reformer. She had formed the idea of reforming the position of women in society when she was amongst the women excluded from the World Anti-Slavery Convention held in London in 1840. In 1848, she was invited by Jane Hunt to a meeting that led to the first public gathering about women's rights, the Seneca Falls Convention, during which the Declaration of Sentiments was written.
Her speaking abilities made her an important abolitionist, feminist, and reformer; she had been a Quaker preacher early in her adulthood. She advocated giving black people, both male and female, the right to vote (suffrage). Her home with James was a stop on the Underground Railroad. Mott helped found the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania and Swarthmore College and raised funds for the Philadelphia School of Design for Women. She remained a central figure in reform movements until her death in 1880. The area around her long-time residence in Cheltenham Township is now known as La Mott, in her honor.
Early life and education
Lucretia Coffin was born January 3, 1793,[1] in Nantucket, Massachusetts, the second child of Anna Folger and Thomas Coffin.[2] Her father, Capt. Thomas Coffin was a descendant of one of the original purchasers of Nantucket Island[3] and carried on his forefather's occupation as a whale-fisherman.[4] Her mother ran the family mercantile business and traded in Boston for goods in exchange for oils and candles from the island.[4] Lucretia often ran small errands for her mother, scouring the wharves for supplies and aid for her family.[5] Through her mother, she was a descendant of Peter Folger, a missionary on Nantucket in the mid-1600s.[6] Her cousin was Benjamin Franklin, one of the Framers of the Constitution, while other Folger relatives were Tories, those who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolution.[7]
In 1803, at the age of 10, her father moved the Coffin family to Boston to become a merchant.[8] She was sent at the age of 13 to the Nine Partners School, located in Dutchess County, New York, which was run by the Society of Friends (Quakers).[9] James Mott, who would become her husband, was her teacher there.[3] At the age of 15, she became a teacher there after graduation[3][10] and learned that male teachers at the school were paid significantly more than female staff, which ignited her interest in women's rights.[10] She was also interested in fighting slavery as a child.[3] After her family moved to Philadelphia in 1809,[8] she and James Mott followed[11] in 1810.[12] James became a merchant in the city.[12]
Personal life
On April 10, 1811, Lucretia Coffin married James Mott at Pine Street Meeting in Philadelphia.[13] James was a Quaker businessman[14] who shared her anti-slavery interests, supported women's rights, and helped found Swarthmore College.[12] They raised six children,[14] five of whom made it to adulthood.[15]
Mott died on November 11, 1880, of pneumonia at her home, Roadside,[16][17] in the district now known as La Mott, Cheltenham, Pennsylvania.[18] She was buried at Fair Hill Burial Ground, a Quaker cemetery in North Philadelphia.[19] At her funeral, a long silence took place. It was broken when someone asked, "Who can speak? The preacher is dead."[20]
Ministry
In 1821, at age 28, Mott was recognized by her Friends Meeting ("recorded") as a minister.[21] By then she had been preaching for at least three years.[a] She summarized her perspective by stating: "I always loved the good, in childhood desired to do the right, and had no faith in the generally received idea of human depravity."[4] Mott traveled throughout the United States — New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, and Indiana — and to England.[3][22] Rare for the time, Mott was among a group of single and married women, including Jane Fenn Hoskens and Elizabeth Fry, who traveled as part of their Quaker ministry.[22] She was described as a woman of "gentle and refined manners and of great force of character."[3] Her sermons emphasized the Quaker inward light or the presence of the Divine within every individual, as preached by Elias Hicks. Mott and her husband followed Hicks' theology, which became the focus of a schism among Quakers who divided into either Hicksite or Orthodox.[23] As a result, Mott served as clerk of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting and traveled in the Hicksite ministry.[24] The Hicksites, the liberal branch, were sometimes considered to be Unitarian Quakers.[4] The Hicksites were more prone to be part of social reform moments, including abolitionism and the fight for women's rights. Other Hicksite Friends were Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul.[23] Mott's sermons included her free produce and other anti-slavery sentiments.[25]
Mott's theology was influenced by Unitarians including Theodore Parker and William Ellery Channing as well as early Quakers including William Penn. She believed that "the kingdom of God is within man" (1749). Mott was among the religious liberals who formed the Free Religious Association in 1867, with Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise,[26] Ralph Waldo Emerson and Thomas Wentworth Higginson.[27]
Abolitionist
Early anti-slavery efforts
Mott, the "foremost white female abolitionist in the United States", called for the immediate and unconditional emancipation of enslaved people,[4][28] after she visited Virginia in 1818.[12] Mott was also a Garrisonian, and like most Hicksite Quakers, considered slavery to be immoral and called for its immediate cessation.[29] Inspired in part by minister Elias Hicks, she and other Hicksite Quakers refused to use cotton cloth, cane sugar, and other slavery-produced goods.[30] In 1833, she and her husband helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society.[31] It was an organization for men, but she was invited to their first convention as a guest. She formed and was a leader of the Female Anti-Slavery Society, which merged with the male organization in 1839.[12] Mott, was also a founding member of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society,[32] and, with other white and black women, founded the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.[29] The Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1833 by Mott and other Quaker abolitionists.[33] Integrated from its founding, the organization opposed both slavery and racism and developed close ties to Philadelphia's Black community.[34] Importantly, the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society was part of a growth in the number of women's antislavery groups that began to emerge in the 1830s.[29] Additionally, Mott and other female activists also organized anti-slavery fairs to raise awareness and revenue, providing much of the funding for the movement.[35][33]
Mott attended all three national Anti-Slavery Conventions of American Women (1837, 1838, 1839). During the 1838 convention in Philadelphia, a mob destroyed Pennsylvania Hall, a newly opened meeting place built by abolitionists.[36] Mott and the white and black women delegates linked arms to exit the building safely through the crowd. Afterward, the mob targeted her home and Black institutions and neighborhoods in Philadelphia. As a friend redirected the mob, Mott waited in her parlor, willing to face her violent opponents.[37]
Amidst social persecution by abolition opponents and pain from dyspepsia, Mott continued her work for the abolitionist cause. She managed their household budget to extend hospitality to guests, including fugitive slaves, and donated to charities. Mott was praised for her ability to maintain her household while contributing to the cause. In the words of one editor, "She is proof that it is possible for a woman to widen her sphere without deserting it."[38]
World's Anti-Slavery Convention
In June 1840, Mott attended the General Anti-Slavery Convention, better known as the World's Anti-Slavery Convention, in London, England. Despite Mott's status as one of six women delegates, before the conference began, the men voted to exclude the American women from participating, and the female delegates were required to sit in a segregated area. Anti-slavery leaders did not want the women's rights issue to become associated with the cause of ending slavery worldwide and dilute the focus on abolition.[40] In addition, the social mores of the time denied women's full participation in public political life.[41] Even so, Mott "made many telling addresses" at the convention.[3] Several of the American men attending the convention, including William Lloyd Garrison and Wendell Phillips, protested the women's exclusion.[41] Garrison, Nathaniel Peabody Rogers, William Adam, and African American activist Charles Lenox Remond sat with the women in the segregated area.[42] Activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her husband Henry Brewster Stanton attended the convention while on their honeymoon. Stanton admired Mott, and the two women became united as friends and allies.[43]
One Irish reporter deemed her the "Lioness of the Convention".[44] Mott was among the women included in the commemorative painting of the convention, which also featured female British activists: Elizabeth Pease, Mary Anne Rawson, Anne Knight, Elizabeth Tredgold and Mary Clarkson, daughter of Thomas Clarkson.[45] Benjamin Haydon, the painting's creator, had intended to give Mott a prominent place in the painting. However, during a sitting on June 29, 1840, to capture her likeness, he took a dislike to her views and decided to not use her portrait prominently.[46]
Underground Railroad and other activities
Encouraged by active debates in England and Scotland,[47] and the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850,[15] Mott also returned with new energy for the anti-slavery cause in the United States. She and her husband allowed their Philadelphia-area home, called Roadside, in the district now known as La Mott, to be used as a stop on the Underground Railroad.[47] She continued an active public lecture schedule, with destinations including the major Northern cities of New York City and Boston, as well as travel over several weeks to slave-owning states, with speeches in Baltimore, Maryland and other cities in Virginia. She arranged to meet with slave owners to discuss the morality of slavery. In the District of Columbia, Mott timed her lecture to coincide with the return of Congress from Christmas recess; more than 40 Congressmen attended. She had a personal audience with President John Tyler who, impressed with her speech, said, "I would like to hand Mr. Calhoun over to you", referring to the senator and abolition opponent.[48][49] In 1855, with several other female abolitionists, Mott participated in the transportation of Jane Johnson, an enslaved woman, to Boston after Johnson, with the aid of William Still, Passmore Williamson and others, had emancipated herself, while passing through Philadelphia on a trip from North Carolina to New York with her master, in accordance with Pennsylvania law.[50]
Women's rights
Overview
Women's rights activists advocated a range of issues, including equality in marriage, such as women's property rights and rights to their earnings. At that time, it was very difficult to obtain a divorce, and fathers were almost always granted custody of children. Cady Stanton sought to make divorce easier to obtain and to safeguard women's access to and control of their children. Though some early feminists disagreed, and viewed Cady Stanton's proposal as scandalous, Mott stated "her great faith in Elizabeth Stanton's quick instinct & clear insight in all appertaining to women's rights."[51]
Lucretia Mott was brought up in the Quaker tradition and many of her beliefs derived from her faith. As such, she rejected Christian beliefs which held that Christian scripture condoned slavery and gender inequality. In a speech Mott Said "The laws given on Mount Sinai for the government of man and woman were equal, the precepts of Jesus make no distinction. Those who read the Scriptures, and judge for themselves, not resting satisfied with the perverted application of the text, do not find the distinction, that theology and ecclesiastical authorities have made, in the condition of the sexes."[52]
Mott was a founder and president of the Northern Association for the Relief and Employment of Poor Women in Philadelphia (founded in 1846).[53] In 1850, Mott published her speech Discourse on Woman, a pamphlet about restrictions on women in the United States.[54]
Seneca Falls Convention
In 1848, Mott and Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention, the first women's rights convention, at Seneca Falls, New York.[55][56] Stanton's resolution that it was "the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves the sacred right to the elective franchise" was passed despite Mott's opposition. Mott viewed politics as corrupted by slavery and moral compromises, but she soon concluded that women's "right to the elective franchise however, is the same, and should be yielded to her, whether she exercises that right or not."[57] Noted abolitionist and human rights activist Frederick Douglass was in attendance and played a key role in persuading the other attendees to agree to a resolution calling for women's suffrage.[58] Mott signed the Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments.[59]
Despite Mott's opposition to electoral politics, her fame had reached into the political arena. During the June 1848 National Convention of the Liberty Party, 5 voting delegates cast their ballots for Lucretia Mott to be their party's candidate for the Office of U.S. Vice President,[60] making her the first woman to run for that position.[55]
Sermon to the Medical Students
The biological justifications of race as a biologically provable basis for difference gave rise to the stigma of innate, naturally determined inferiority in the 19th century. In 1849, Mott's "Sermon to the Medical Students" was published:[61][62]
"May you be faithful, and enter into a consideration as to how far you are partakers in this evil, even in other men's sins. How far, by permission, by apology, or otherwise, you are found lending your sanction to a system which degrades and brutalizes three million of our fellow beings."
American Equal Rights Association
In 1866, after the Civil War, the American Equal Rights Association was founded, with Mott serving as the first president of the integrated organization.[51] The following year, Mott and Stanton became active in Kansas where black suffrage and woman suffrage were to be decided by popular vote. The Equal Rights Association, with male and female members, favored male suffrage. Stanton and Anthony formed the National Woman's Suffrage Association for women only.[63]
Educational institutions
Intending to create educational opportunities for women, Mott helped found the Female Medical College of Pennsylvania and Swarthmore College in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania (near Philadelphia). She was a fund-raiser for the Philadelphia School of Design for Women.[64]
Pacifism
Mott was a pacifist, and in the 1830s, she attended meetings of the New England Non-Resistance Society.[65] For several years, she was president of the Pennsylvania Peace Society.[3] She opposed the War with Mexico (1846–1848). After the Civil War, Mott increased her efforts to end war and violence, and she was a leading voice in the Universal Peace Union, founded in 1866.[65]
Legacy
Designations | |
---|---|
Official name | Lucretia C. Mott |
Type | Roadside |
Criteria | Civil Rights, Government & Politics, Government & Politics 19th Century, Religion, Underground Railroad, Women |
Designated | May 1, 1974 |
Location | Pennsylvania Route 611 at Latham Pkwy., N of Cheltenham Ave., Elkins Park |
Marker Text | Nearby stood "Roadside," the home of the ardent Quakeress, Lucretia C. Mott (1793–1880). Her most notable work was in connection with antislavery, women's rights, temperance, and peace. |
Susan Jacoby wrote, "When Mott died in 1880, she was widely judged by her contemporaries - even many who had opposed her brand of abolitionism and who continued to oppose equal rights for women - as the greatest American woman of the nineteenth century."[66]
The first volume of History of Woman Suffrage, published in 1881, states, “THESE VOLUMES ARE AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED TO THE Memory of Mary Wollstonecraft, Frances Wright, Lucretia Mott, Harriet Martineau, Lydia Maria Child, Margaret Fuller, Sarah and Angelina Grimké, Josephine S. Griffing, Martha C. Wright, Harriot K. Hunt, M.D., Mariana W. Johnson, Alice and Phebe Carey, Ann Preston, M.D., Lydia Mott, Eliza W. Farnham, Lydia F. Fowler, M.D., Paulina Wright Davis, Whose Earnest Lives and Fearless Words, in Demanding Political Rights for Women, have been, in the Preparation of these Pages, a Constant Inspiration TO The Editors”.[67]
The Camp Town section of Cheltenham Township, Pennsylvania, which was the site of Camp William Penn, and of Mott's home, Roadside, was renamed La Mott in her honor in 1885.[18]
Mott is commemorated along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in Portrait Monument, a 1921 sculpture by Adelaide Johnson at the United States Capitol. Originally kept on display in the crypt of the US Capitol, the sculpture was moved to its current location and more prominently displayed in the rotunda in 1997.[68]
A version of the Equal Rights Amendment from 1923, which differs from the current text, was named the Lucretia Mott Amendment.[69] That draft read, "Men and women shall have equal rights throughout the United States and every place subject to its jurisdiction. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."[70]
The United States Post Office issued a stamp titled 100 Years of Progress of Women: 1848–1948 in 1948 on the centennial of the Seneca Falls Convention, featuring Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Lucretia Mott. (Elizabeth Cady Stanton on left, Carrie Chapman Catt in middle, Lucretia Mott on right.)[71]
In 1983, Mott was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[72]
In 2005, Mott was inducted into the National Abolition Hall of Fame, in Peterboro, New York.
In 2015, P.S. 215 Lucretia Mott, in Queens, New York City, closed; it was named for her.[73]
The U.S. Treasury Department announced in 2016 that an image of Mott will appear on the back of a newly designed $10 bill along with Sojourner Truth, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Alice Paul and the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession. Designs for new $5, $10 and $20 bills will be unveiled in 2020 in conjunction with the 100th anniversary of American women winning the right to vote via the Nineteenth Amendment.[74][75]
The Lucretia Mott School in Washington D.C. was named after her.[76]
The Lucretia Mott room in the Friends House in London is named after her, as is the Lucretia Mott room in the Friends Center in Philadelphia, and the Lucretia Mott room in Swarthmore College (formerly called the conference room Parrish E 254).[77][78][79]
See also
Notes
References
Citations
- ^ "UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 3, 2019". United Press International. January 3, 2019. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
feminist/abolitionist Lucretia Mott in 1793
- ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 8, 14.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Willard, Frances E.; Livermore, Mary A., eds. (1893). Wikisource. . Women of the Century. Charles Wells Moulton – via
- ^ a b c d e "Death, Near Philadelphia, of Lucretia Mott, the Abolitionist". Chicago Tribune. November 12, 1880. p. 8. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
- ^ Stiehm, Jamie. "The Power of Voice, Reflections on Lucretia Mott (1793-1880)". Nantucket Historical Association. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 12.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 14.
- ^ a b "Lucretia Mott". National Women's History Museum. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 24–27.
- ^ a b Faulkner 2011, p. 33, 34.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 34, 36.
- ^ a b c d e Colby, Frank Moore; Williams, Talcott (1922). The New International Encyclopædia: James Mott and Lucretia Mott. Dodd, Mead. p. 351.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 37.
- ^ a b Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan Brownell (1997). The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0813523187.
- ^ a b Garrison, William Lloyd (1971). The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, Volume II: a House Dividing Against Itself: 1836–1840. Harvard University Press. pp. xxvii. ISBN 978-0674526617.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 211–212.
- ^ "Lucretia Mott". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
- ^ a b "Cheltenham Township: La Mott Historic District". Retrieved October 17, 2020.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 212.
- ^ "Lucretia Mott, the Brazen Infidel | Building Bridges | Tapestry of Faith | UUA.org". www.uua.org. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 21, 38.
- ^ a b Bacon 1989, pp. 34–35.
- ^ a b Bacon 1989, pp. 92–93.
- ^ "Collection: Mott Manuscripts | Archives & Manuscripts". archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 6–7, 110.
- ^ The Free Religious Association 1907, pp. 30–31.
- ^ Mace, Emily. "Emerson and Religion". Harvard Square Library. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 4.
- ^ a b c Woloch, Nancy (2006). Women and the American Experience (4th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. p. 156.
- ^ Blackmore, Willy (August 14, 2019). "The Boycott's Abolitionist Roots". ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved February 28, 2023.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 4, 64.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 71.
- ^ a b Woloch, Nancy (2006). Women and the American Experience (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. p. 182.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, pp. 1, 4, 66–75.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 169.
- ^ "The Abolitionists: The Burning of Pennsylvania Hall | American Experience | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved March 18, 2024.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 79.
- ^ Bacon 1999, p. 68.
- ^ Haydon 1841.
- ^ Rodriguez 2011, pp. 585–596.
- ^ a b Winifred, Conkling (2018). Votes for women! : American suffragists and the battle for the ballot. Chapel Hill, NC. p. 27. ISBN 978-1616207342. OCLC 1021069176.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 97.
- ^ McMillen 2008, pp. 72–75.
- ^ Bacon 1999, p. 92.
- ^ Haydon 1840.
- ^ "NPG 599; The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840 – Portrait Extended – National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
- ^ a b Still, William (1872). ""Lucretia Mott"". The Underground Railroad (Pressbooks ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Ryerson University. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
Of all the women who served the Anti-slavery cause in its darkest days, there is not one whose labors were more effective, whose character is nobler, and who is more universally respected and beloved, than Lucretia Mott. You cannot speak of the slave without remembering her, who did so much to make Slavery impossible.
- ^ Bacon 1999, p. 105.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 112.
- ^ Carol Faulkner, Lucretia Mott's Heresy: Abolition and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-century America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), 165-167.
- ^ a b Faulkner 2011, p. 160.
- ^ "God In America - People - Lucretia Mott". God in America. Retrieved March 25, 2024.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 117.
- ^ Mott 1849.
- ^ a b Terrell, Cynthia Richie (January 20, 2021). "172 Years After the First Woman Ran, Kamala Harris Breaks the Executive Branch's Glass Ceiling". MS Magazine.
- ^ McMillen 2008, pp. 2–3.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 147.
- ^ National Portrait Gallery, The Seneca Falls Convention.
- ^ "Declaration of Sentiments – Women's Rights National Historical Park". National Park Service. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
- ^ Faulkner 2011, p. 138.
- ^ Soriso 2002.
- ^ Lockard.
- ^ Bacon 1989, p. 127.
- ^ Bacon 1989, p. 151.
- ^ a b "Universal Peace Union Records, Collection: DG 038 – Swarthmore College Peace Collection". swarthmore.edu/Library/peace/. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
- ^ Jacoby 2005, p. 95.
- ^ "History of Woman Suffrage, Volume I". Project Gutenberg.
- ^ Architect of the Capitol.
- ^ ""Lucretia Mott" National Park Service". National Park Service. United States Government. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
- ^ "Who was Alice Paul". Alice Paul Institute. Archived from the original on September 9, 2014. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
- ^ Postage Stamps of the United States: An Illustrated Description of All United States Postage and Special Service Stamps Issued by the Post Office Department from July 1, 1847 to December 31, 1965. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1966. pp. 120–121.
- ^ "Mott, Lucretia". National Women’s Hall of Fame.
- ^ "P.S. 215 Lucretia Mott – District 27 – InsideSchools". insideschools.org.
- ^ US Department of the Treasury.
- ^ Korte 2016.
- ^ The Washington Post Staff 1909.
- ^ "Meeting Rooms". Friends House. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
- ^ "The Lucretia Mott Room – Friends Center".
- ^ Chattopadhyay, Shreya (November 2, 2017). "Lucretia Mott: far more than a founder - The Phoenix".
General and cited references
- Architect of the Capitol. "Portrait Monument of Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony". Washington, D.C.: Architect of the Capitol.
- Bacon, Margaret Hope (1989). Mothers of feminism : the story of Quaker women in America. San Francisco : Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0062500465.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Bacon, Margaret Hope (1999). Valiant friend: the life of Lucretia Mott. New York: Quaker Press of Friends General Conference. ISBN 978-1888305111.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Faulkner, Carol (2011). Lucretia Mott's Heresy: Abolition and Women's Rights in Nineteenth-Century America. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812205008.
- The Free Religious Association (1907). Proceedings at the Fortieth Annual Meeting of the Free Religious Association. Boston: Adams & Company. pp. 30–31.
- Friedan, Betty (2001), "The enemies without and the enemies within", in Friedan, Betty (ed.), Life so far, New York: Touchstone, p. 221, ISBN 978-0743200240
- Haydon, Benjamin Robert (1840). "The anti-slavery society convention". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 19, 2008.
- Haydon, Benjamin Robert (1841). "The Anti-Slavery Society Convention, 1840". National Portrait Gallery, London.
NPG599, Given by British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society in 1880
- Jacoby, Susan (2005). Freethinkers: a history of American secularism. New York: Metropolitan/Owl. p. 95. ISBN 978-0805077766.
- Korte, Gregory (April 21, 2016). "Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on $20 bill". USA Today. Retrieved August 7, 2016.
- Lockard, Joe. "A Sermon to the Medical Students, 1849". The Antislavery Literature Project. Archived from the original on March 24, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2006.
- McMillen, Sally Gregory (2008). Seneca Falls and the Origins of the Women's Rights Movement. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195182651.
- Mott, Lucretia (December 17, 1849). "Discourse on Woman". National American Woman Suffrage Association Collection. American Memory, Library of Congress.
- "The Seneca Falls Convention". National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
- Rodriguez, Junius P. (2011), "Entries, O–W", in Rodriguez, Junius P. (ed.), Slavery in the modern world: a history of political, social, and economic oppression, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, LCC, ISBN 978-1851097883
- Soriso, Carolyn (2002). Fleshing Out America: Race, Gender, and the Politics of the Body in American Literature 1833–1879. University of Georgia Press.
- "Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman, Lays Out Plans for New $20, $10 and $5". US Department of the Treasury. April 20, 2016. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
- The Washington Post Staff (April 9, 1909). "Mott School Completed". The Washington Post.
Further reading
- Cromwell, Otelia (1958). Lucretia Mott. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. OCLC 757626.
- Mott, Lucretia (1980). Greene, Dana (ed.). Lucretia Mott, her complete speeches and sermons. New York: The Edwin Mellen Press. ISBN 978-0889469686.
- Mott, Lucretia (1884). Hallowell, Anna Davis (ed.). James and Lucretia Mott. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.
life and letters.
- Hare, Lloyd C. M. (1937). The Greatest American Woman, Lucretia Mott. New York: The American Historical Society. OCLC 1811544.
- Mott, Lucretia; Palmer, Beverly Wilson (2002). Selected letters of Lucretia Coffin Mott. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0252026744.
- Unger, Nancy C. (February 2000). "Mott, Lucretia Coffin". American National Biography Online.
- Lucretia Coffin Mott, Discourse on Woman, 1849 (From a book, Chapter 6, without pagination, continuous text), via Google Books
External links
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